McKee Alexis, Morley John E, Matsumoto Alvin M, Vinik Aaron
Endocr Pract. 2017 Sep;23(9):1140-1149. doi: 10.4158/EP171795.RA. Epub 2017 Jul 13.
Sarcopenia is defined as low muscle function (walking speed or grip strength) in the presence of low muscle mass. A simple screening test-the SARC-F-is available to identify persons with sarcopenia. The major endocrine causes of sarcopenia are diabetes mellitus and male hypogonadism. Other causes are decreased physical activity, loss of motor neuron units, weight loss, inflammatory cytokines, reduced blood flow to muscles, very low 25(OH) vitamin D levels, and decreased growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1. Treatment for sarcopenia includes resistance and aerobic exercise, leucine-enriched essential amino acids, and vitamin D. In hypogonadal males, testosterone improves muscle mass, strength, and function. Selective androgen receptor molecules and anti-myostatin activin II receptor molecules are under development as possible treatments for sarcopenia.
COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease DHEA = dehydroepiandrosterone IGF-1 = insulin-like growth factor 1 GH = growth hormone mTOR = mammalian target of rapamycin SARM = selective androgen receptor molecule.
肌肉减少症被定义为在肌肉量低的情况下肌肉功能低下（步行速度或握力）。有一种简单的筛查测试——SARC-F，可用于识别肌肉减少症患者。肌肉减少症的主要内分泌病因是糖尿病和男性性腺功能减退。其他病因包括体力活动减少、运动神经元单位丧失、体重减轻、炎性细胞因子、肌肉血流减少、25(OH)维生素D水平极低以及生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子1减少。肌肉减少症的治疗包括抗阻运动和有氧运动、富含亮氨酸的必需氨基酸以及维生素D。在性腺功能减退的男性中，睾酮可改善肌肉量、力量和功能。选择性雄激素受体分子和抗肌生成抑制素激活素II受体分子正在研发中，可能用于治疗肌肉减少症。
COPD = 慢性阻塞性肺疾病；DHEA = 脱氢表雄酮；IGF-1 = 胰岛素样生长因子1；GH = 生长激素；mTOR = 雷帕霉素靶蛋白；SARM = 选择性雄激素受体分子
