Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; and.
Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
J Leukoc Biol. 2017 Sep;102(3):631-643. doi: 10.1189/jlb.5RU0117-040R. Epub 2017 Jul 18.
Our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for cancer development has increased enormously over the last decades. However, for many cancers, this has not been translated into a significant improvement in overall survival, and overall mortality remains high. Treatment for many malignancies remains based on surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Significant progress has been made toward the development of more specific, more potent, and less invasive treatment modalities, but such targeted therapies remain the exception for most cancers. Thus, cancer therapies based on a different mechanism of action should be explored. The immune system plays an important role in keeping tumor growth at bay. However, in many cases, these responses are not strong enough to keep tumor growth under control. Thus, immunotherapy aims to boost the immune system to suppress tumor growth efficiently. This has been demonstrated by the recent successes of immune checkpoint therapy in several cancers. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are another exciting class of immunotherapy agent. As well as replicating selectively within and killing tumor cells, OVs are able to elicit potent anti-tumor immune responses. Therapeutic vaccination with OVs, also referred to as cancer virotherapy, can thus be tailored to elicit vigorous cellular immune responses and even target individual malignancies in a personalized manner. In this review, we will describe the intricate link among oncolytic virotherapy, tumor immunology, and immunogenic cell death (ICD) and discuss ways to harness optimally their potential for future cancer therapy.
在过去的几十年中，我们对导致癌症发生的机制的理解已经有了巨大的提高。然而，对于许多癌症来说，这并没有转化为总体生存率的显著提高，总体死亡率仍然很高。许多恶性肿瘤的治疗仍然基于手术、化疗和放疗。在开发更具特异性、更有效和更少侵袭性的治疗方法方面已经取得了重大进展，但对于大多数癌症来说，这种靶向治疗仍然是例外。因此，应该探索基于不同作用机制的癌症治疗方法。免疫系统在控制肿瘤生长方面起着重要作用。然而，在许多情况下，这些反应不足以控制肿瘤生长。因此，免疫疗法旨在增强免疫系统以有效抑制肿瘤生长。这一点已被最近免疫检查点疗法在几种癌症中的成功所证明。溶瘤病毒（OVs）是另一种令人兴奋的免疫治疗药物。OVs 不仅能选择性地在肿瘤细胞内复制并杀死肿瘤细胞，还能引发强烈的抗肿瘤免疫反应。因此，使用 OVs 进行治疗性疫苗接种，也称为癌症溶瘤疗法，可以根据需要引发强烈的细胞免疫反应，甚至以个性化的方式针对个别恶性肿瘤。在这篇综述中，我们将描述溶瘤病毒治疗、肿瘤免疫学和免疫原性细胞死亡（ICD）之间的复杂联系，并讨论如何最大限度地发挥它们在未来癌症治疗中的潜力。
