High-Altitude Cardiopulmonary Diseases

Every year, millions of outdoor enthusiasts travel to high-altitude destinations. Many remain unaware or underprepared for the medical risks associated with these environments. Healthcare professionals must recognize the potential complications of high-altitude exposure and provide appropriate education and treatment to at-risk individuals. High-altitude illnesses typically occur at elevations above 2500 m (8200 ft). Severe forms involving cerebral and cardiopulmonary systems can emerge even at moderately high altitudes due to rapid ascent, particularly with rapid ascent to popular destinations such as ski resorts. Early recognition and timely treatment are critical to reducing morbidity and mortality in affected patients. High-altitude pulmonary edema is the most extensively studied pulmonary complication of high-altitude exposure and accounts for the majority of altitude-related deaths. This condition is largely preventable through proper acclimatization and gradual ascent. When identified early and treated promptly, high-altitude pulmonary edema typically resolves with complete recovery. The condition involves respiratory compromise and progression to respiratory failure due to noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Although underlying comorbidities may increase susceptibility, high-altitude pulmonary edema often affects young, otherwise healthy individuals.