Delft University of Technology, Department of Water Management, Delft, The Netherlands.
Delft University of Technology, Department of Water Management, Delft, The Netherlands; Waternet, Strategic Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Water Res. 2017 Oct 15;123:761-772. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.019. Epub 2017 Jul 10.
The drinking water quality changes during the transport through distribution systems. Domestic drinking water systems (DDWSs), which include the plumbing between the water meter and consumer's taps, are the most critical points in which water quality may be affected. In distribution networks, the drinking water temperature and water residence time are regarded as indicators of the drinking water quality. This paper describes an experimental research on the influence of stagnation time and temperature change on drinking water quality in a full-scale DDWS. Two sets of stagnation experiments, during winter and summer months, with various stagnation intervals (up to 168 h of stagnation) were carried out. Water and biofilms were sampled at two different taps, a kitchen and a shower tap. Results from this study indicate that temperature and water stagnation affect both chemical and microbial quality in DDWSs, whereas microbial parameters in stagnant water appear to be driven by the temperature of fresh water. Biofilm formed in the shower pipe contained more total and intact cells than the kitchen pipe biofilm. Alphaproteobacteria were found to dominate in the shower biofilm (78% of all Proteobacteria), while in the kitchen tap biofilm Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were evenly distributed.
饮用水在通过分配系统输送过程中水质会发生变化。家庭饮用水系统（DDWS），包括水表和消费者水龙头之间的管道，是水质可能受到影响的最关键环节。在配水网络中，饮用水温度和水停留时间被视为饮用水质量的指标。本文描述了一项关于在全尺寸 DDWS 中停滞时间和温度变化对饮用水水质影响的实验研究。在冬季和夏季进行了两组停滞实验，停滞间隔时间不同（最长达 168 小时）。在两个不同的水龙头，厨房水龙头和淋浴水龙头处采集水样和生物膜。研究结果表明，温度和水停滞会影响 DDWS 中的化学和微生物质量，而停滞水中的微生物参数似乎受到淡水温度的驱动。在淋浴管道中形成的生物膜比厨房管道中的生物膜含有更多的总细胞和完整细胞。α变形菌在淋浴生物膜中占主导地位（所有变形菌的 78%），而在厨房龙头生物膜中，α变形菌、β变形菌和γ变形菌均匀分布。
