Botha D, Steyn M, Scholtz Y, Ribot I
Forensic Anthropology Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia 0007, Pretoria, South Africa.
Human Variation and Identification Research Unit, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Homo. 2017 Aug;68(4):243-255. doi: 10.1016/j.jchb.2017.06.002. Epub 2017 Jun 28.
As the identity of a large number of Khoe-San skeletal material in European collections recently came into question during its documentation, a re-evaluation of the remains by employing a non-invasive method such as craniometrics was done to investigate the biological affinity. For this purpose, gene flow and population diversity present within the group, as well as between the study sample (N=63) and other modern and historic population groups from southern, central and east Africa were explored. Available comparative groups included the historic Khoe-San from Riet River (N=31), the Sotho-Tswana from southern Africa (N=61), the Basuku from central Africa (N=66) and the Bahutu (N=53) and Teita (N=24) from east Africa. Ten craniometric variables were selected and used to perform population structure analysis based on model bound quantitative genetics and multiple discriminant function analysis (MDA). Quantitative genetic distances revealed that the Khoe-San sample was closest to the Riet River group. Residual variance analysis performed on two-sample subsets of the Khoe-San group (Cape KS and Various KS) showed a higher level of heterogeneity in the Cape KS than seen in the Khoe-San from various other areas in southern Africa. MDA revealed that Khoe-San intra-sample variance is relatively high, with 44% of the sample (sexes pooled) classified into the Riet River group. The remaining individuals were classified (in decreasing order) into Bahutu (24%), Basuku (24%) and Sotho-Tswana (8%). Although the Khoe-San specimens are closest to the Riet River group, they are clearly not homogenous. Their high level of phenotypic diversity most likely originated from a complex population history involving many group interactions driven by social and political marginalization.
由于欧洲收藏的大量科伊桑骨骼材料的身份在最近的记录过程中受到质疑，因此采用了颅测量学这种非侵入性方法对这些遗骸进行重新评估，以研究其生物亲缘关系。为此，研究了该群体内部以及研究样本（N = 63）与来自南部、中部和东部非洲的其他现代和历史人群群体之间的基因流动和种群多样性。可用的比较群体包括来自里特河的历史科伊桑人（N = 31）、来自南部非洲的索托 - 茨瓦纳人（N = 61）、来自中部非洲的巴苏库人（N = 66）以及来自东部非洲的巴胡图人（N = 53）和泰塔人（N = 24）。选择了十个颅测量变量，并用于基于模型约束定量遗传学和多重判别函数分析（MDA）进行种群结构分析。定量遗传距离显示，科伊桑样本与里特河群体最接近。对科伊桑群体的两个样本子集（开普科伊桑人和各种科伊桑人）进行的残差方差分析表明，开普科伊桑人的异质性水平高于南部非洲其他地区的科伊桑人。MDA显示，科伊桑样本内部方差相对较高，44%的样本（男女合并）被归类为里特河群体。其余个体按降序分别归类为巴胡图人（24%）、巴苏库人（24%）和索托 - 茨瓦纳人（8%）。尽管科伊桑标本与里特河群体最接近，但它们显然并非同质。它们高水平的表型多样性很可能源于复杂的种群历史，涉及许多由社会和政治边缘化驱动的群体互动。
