Center for Urban and Environmental Change, Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, 47802, USA.
School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China; Center for Urban and Environmental Change, Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, 47802, USA.
J Environ Manage. 2018 Jan 15;206:1274-1286. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.047. Epub 2017 Jul 22.
Anthropogenic heat flux (Q), which originates through energy consumption from buildings, industrial plants, vehicle exhausts, and human metabolism releases, is an important component in the urban Surface Energy Balance (SEB) system, and is key to understanding of many urban environmental issues. The present study provided a hybrid Q modeling approach, which combined the inventory and GIS approach to create a 365-day hourly Q profile at 120 m spatial resolution in Los Angeles County, California, USA. Q was estimated by separate calculation of heat release from buildings, traffics, and human metabolism, respectively. The results indicated that Q showed different magnitudes and diurnal patterns between workdays (dual-peak shape) and weekends/holidays, and also varied with seasons, and land use types. Qf yielded the highest values in the summer workdays, with its maximum value of 7.76 w/m. Q in hot summer workdays was obviously higher than that in the average summer workdays, which caused by higher demands for space cooling in buildings, and can reach 8.14 w/m at maximum. Building energy consumption was identified as the dominant contributor to the Q in Downtown Los Angeles, which was found to have the largest mean Q throughout the year among all neighborhoods. It can be concluded that Q in the downtown was more significant in workdays than that in non-workdays, and its maximum value can reach 100 w/m. It is suggested that our approach may have wider applicability for Q estimation in large areas compared with the existing studies, as all the data used were available to the public. A high spatial and temporal Q profile, which can readily be incorporated into urban energy balance and Urban Heat Island (UHI) studies, provides valuable data and information for pertinent government agencies and researchers.
人为热通量（Q）源自建筑物、工业工厂、车辆尾气和人类新陈代谢释放的能源消耗，是城市表面能量平衡（SEB）系统的重要组成部分，也是理解许多城市环境问题的关键。本研究提供了一种混合 Q 建模方法，该方法结合了清单和 GIS 方法，在美国加利福尼亚州洛杉矶县创建了一个 365 天每小时 120 m 空间分辨率的 Q 分布。通过分别计算建筑物、交通和人类新陈代谢的热量释放来估计 Q。结果表明，Q 在工作日（双峰形状）和周末/节假日之间呈现出不同的大小和日变化模式，并且还随季节和土地利用类型而变化。在夏季工作日，Qf 产生的数值最高，最大值为 7.76 w/m。在炎热的夏季工作日，Q 明显高于平均夏季工作日，这是由于建筑物对空间冷却的需求更高，最大值可达 8.14 w/m。建筑物能源消耗被确定为洛杉矶市中心 Q 的主要贡献者，在所有社区中，该地区全年的平均 Q 最大。可以得出结论，在工作日，市中心的 Q 比非工作日更为显著，其最大值可达 100 w/m。建议与现有研究相比，我们的方法在大区域的 Q 估计方面可能具有更广泛的适用性，因为所有使用的数据都对公众开放。高时空 Q 分布可以方便地纳入城市能量平衡和城市热岛（UHI）研究，为相关政府机构和研究人员提供有价值的数据和信息。
