Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
Curr Med Chem. 2018;25(33):3988-4006. doi: 10.2174/0929867324666170727121327.
Nowadays in biosensing, development of analytical techniques is focused on improvement for monitoring biologically active species in living organisms, especially in real-time analysis. This article provides an overview of applications of electrochemical tyrosinase biosensors in the analysis of medicinally significant substances, also known as biomarkers. At the beginning, special attention is paid to characterisation of the tyrosinase enzyme, explanation of reaction mechanisms of tyrosinase with various types of electrochemical transducers and techniques needed for stable immobilization of this biocatalyst on the transducer surface used. In this case, amperometric transducers represent the most frequently used type of electrochemical sensing because they usually provide sensitive current response to the presence of analyte in the sample. Many scientific works suggest that these very selective bioanalytical devices could find application in the clinical diagnosis of various serious diseases because they represent the effective analytical tools for diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders, detection of microbial pathogens responsible for foodborne illness and diagnosis of cytopathology, especially melanoma cancer. Additionally, various kinds of electrochemical tyrosinase biosensors are presented which were developed to determine the catalytic activity of other enzymes significant for human metabolism, medicaments and their metabolic products, several hormones, amino acids and proteins. Despite all of their advantages, it is necessary to state that tyrosinase biosensors are still not used in the routine laboratory practice due to their relatively short service life which is not longer than one month unfortunately. Never-ending development of catalytic polymers imitating the tyrosinase active site could be one of ways to solve this serious drawback.
如今，在生物传感领域，分析技术的发展侧重于改善对生物活性物质在活体中的监测，特别是实时分析。本文概述了电化学酪氨酸酶生物传感器在分析具有医学意义的物质（也称为生物标志物）中的应用。首先，特别关注了酪氨酸酶的特性，解释了酪氨酸酶与各种类型的电化学换能器的反应机制，以及在换能器表面稳定固定这种生物催化剂所需的技术。在这种情况下，电流型换能器代表了最常用的电化学传感类型，因为它们通常对样品中分析物的存在提供敏感的电流响应。许多科学研究表明，这些非常选择性的生物分析装置可以在各种严重疾病的临床诊断中找到应用，因为它们是诊断神经退行性疾病、检测引起食源性疾病的微生物病原体以及诊断细胞学特别是黑色素瘤癌症的有效分析工具。此外，还介绍了各种开发用于测定对人体代谢、药物及其代谢产物、几种激素、氨基酸和蛋白质有重要意义的其他酶的催化活性的电化学酪氨酸酶生物传感器。尽管它们具有所有优点，但必须指出的是，由于酪氨酸酶生物传感器的使用寿命相对较短，不幸的是不超过一个月，因此它们尚未在常规实验室实践中使用。不断开发模仿酪氨酸酶活性位点的催化聚合物可能是解决这一严重缺陷的方法之一。
