Haber S N
Hum Neurobiol. 1986;5(3):159-68.
In recent years, a number of new molecules, particularly peptides, have been identified as putative neurotransmitters. The basal ganglia, is especially rich in a number of classical transmitter molecules, amino acids and neuropeptides considered to function in neurotransmission. These include: the well-described terminal fields in the striatum which originate from the brain stem and contain the monoamines, dopamine and serotonin; amino acid containing axons projecting from the cortex and thalamus; striatal cholinergic and peptide-positive interneurons; and amino acid and peptide containing projection neurons to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. Two amino acids, glutamate and aspartate, are considered to provide excitatory input to the striatum while gamma aminobutyric acid is thought to mediate inhibitory output. Neuropeptides which are richly concentrated in the basal ganglia include, enkephalin, dynorphin, substance P, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and cholincystokinease. Changes in many of these peptide levels have recently been associated with a number of basal ganglia disorders.
近年来，一些新的分子，尤其是肽类，已被确定为潜在的神经递质。基底神经节尤其富含多种经典的递质分子、氨基酸和被认为在神经传递中起作用的神经肽。这些包括：起源于脑干并含有单胺、多巴胺和5-羟色胺的纹状体中描述详尽的终末区域；从皮质和丘脑投射的含氨基酸轴突；纹状体胆碱能和肽阳性中间神经元；以及向苍白球和黑质投射的含氨基酸和肽的神经元。两种氨基酸，谷氨酸和天冬氨酸，被认为向纹状体提供兴奋性输入，而γ-氨基丁酸则被认为介导抑制性输出。在基底神经节中高度浓缩的神经肽包括脑啡肽、强啡肽、P物质、生长抑素、神经肽Y和胆囊收缩素。最近，这些肽类中的许多水平变化与多种基底神经节疾病有关。
