Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.
Department of Environmental Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey.
J Environ Sci (China). 2017 Aug;58:155-162. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.04.020. Epub 2017 May 2.
The main objective of this study was to assess the combined use of chlorine dioxide (ClO) and chlorine (Cl) on the speciation and kinetics of disinfection by-product (DBP) formation in swimming pools using synthetic pool waters prepared with a body fluid analog (BFA) and/or fresh natural water. At 1:25 (mass ratio) of ClO to Cl, there was no significant reduction in the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) for both BFA solution and natural water compared to the application of Cl alone. When the mass ratio of ClO to Cl increased to 1:1, substantial decreases in both THMs and HAAs were observed in the natural water, while there was almost no change of DBP formations in the BFA solution. Haloacetonitriles and halonitromethanes levels in both water matrices remained similar. In the presence of bromide, the overall DBP formation increased in both BFA solution and natural water. For the DBP formation kinetics, after 72hr of contact time, very low formation of THMs and HAAs was observed for the use of ClO only. Compared to Cl control, however, applying the 1:1 mixture of ClO/Cl reduced THMs by >60% and HAAs by >50%. Chlorite was maintained below 1.0mg/L, while the formation of chlorate significantly increased over the reaction time. Finally, in a bench-scale indoor pool experiment, applying ClO and Cl simultaneously produced less THMs compared to Cl control and kept chlorite at <0.4mg/L, while HAAs and chlorate accumulated over 4-week operation period.
本研究的主要目的是评估二氧化氯（ClO）和氯气（Cl）联合使用对使用体液模拟物（BFA）和/或新鲜天然水制备的合成泳池水中消毒副产物（DBP）形成的形态和动力学的影响。当 ClO 与 Cl 的质量比为 1:25 时，与单独使用 Cl 相比，BFA 溶液和天然水中三卤甲烷（THMs）和卤乙酸（HAAs）的形成均无明显减少。当 ClO 与 Cl 的质量比增加到 1:1 时，在天然水中观察到 THMs 和 HAAs 的大量减少，而在 BFA 溶液中几乎没有改变 DBP 的形成。两种水基质中的卤乙腈和卤代硝基甲烷水平保持相似。在溴化物存在下，BFA 溶液和天然水中的总 DBP 形成均增加。对于 DBP 形成动力学，在接触时间 72 小时后，仅使用 ClO 时观察到 THMs 和 HAAs 的形成非常低。然而，与 Cl 对照相比，使用 ClO/Cl 的 1:1 混合物将 THMs 减少了 >60%，将 HAAs 减少了 >50%。氯酸盐的形成随着反应时间的延长而显著增加。最后，在室内池实验中，与 Cl 对照相比，ClO 和 Cl 同时使用可产生较少的 THMs，且将亚氯酸盐保持在<0.4mg/L，而 HAAs 和氯酸盐在 4 周的运行期间积累。
