Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
Environmental Physics Laboratory. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Dec 31;609:861-874. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.220. Epub 2017 Aug 1.
Sea level anomaly (SLA), provided globally by satellite altimetry, is considered a valuable proxy for detecting long-term changes of the global ocean, as well as short-term and annual variations. In this manuscript, monthly sea level anomaly grids for the period 1993-2013 are used to characterise the North Atlantic Ocean variability at inter-annual timescales and its response to the North Atlantic main patterns of atmospheric circulation variability (North Atlantic Oscillation, Eastern Atlantic, Eastern Atlantic/Western Russia, Scandinavian and Polar/Eurasia) and main driven factors as sea level pressure, sea surface temperature and wind fields. SLA variability and long-term trends are analysed for the North Atlantic Ocean and several sub-regions (North, Baltic and Mediterranean and Black seas, Bay of Biscay extended to the west coast of the Iberian Peninsula, and the northern North Atlantic Ocean), depicting the SLA fluctuations at basin and sub-basin scales, aiming at representing the regions of maximum sea level variability. A significant correlation between SLA and the different phases of the teleconnection patterns due to the generated winds, sea level pressure and sea surface temperature anomalies, with a strong variability on temporal and spatial scales, has been identified. Long-term analysis reveals the existence of non-stationary inter-annual SLA fluctuations in terms of the temporal scale. Spectral density analysis has shown the existence of long-period signals in the SLA inter-annual component, with periods of ~10, 5, 4 and 2years, depending on the analysed sub-region. Also, a non-uniform increase in sea level since 1993 is identified for all sub-regions, with trend values between 2.05mm/year, for the Bay of Biscay region, and 3.98mm/year for the Baltic Sea (no GIA correction considered). The obtained results demonstrated a strong link between the atmospheric patterns and SLA, as well as strong long-period fluctuations of this variable in spatial and temporal scales.
海平面异常（SLA）由卫星测高提供，被认为是检测全球海洋长期变化以及短期和年度变化的有价值的代理。在本文中，使用 1993-2013 年期间的月度海平面异常格网来描述北大西洋海洋在年际时间尺度上的可变性及其对北大西洋主要大气环流变化模式（北大西洋涛动、东大西洋、东大西洋/俄罗斯西部、斯堪的纳维亚和极地/欧亚）和主要驱动因素（海平面气压、海面温度和风场）的响应。分析了北大西洋及其几个子区域（北部、波罗的海和地中海及黑海、比斯开湾延伸至伊比利亚半岛西海岸以及北大西洋北部）的 SLA 可变性和长期趋势，描绘了盆地和子盆地尺度的 SLA 波动，旨在代表最大海平面可变性区域。已经确定了 SLA 与由于产生的风、海平面气压和海面温度异常而产生的遥相关模式的不同相位之间存在显著相关性，并且在时间和空间尺度上具有很强的可变性。长期分析表明，SLA 存在非平稳的年际波动。谱密度分析表明，SLA 年际分量存在长周期信号，其周期约为 10、5、4 和 2 年，具体取决于所分析的子区域。此外，所有子区域自 1993 年以来都存在海平面非均匀上升，趋势值在 2.05mm/年（比斯开湾地区）和 3.98mm/年（波罗的海地区）之间（未考虑 GIA 校正）。所得到的结果表明，大气模式与 SLA 之间存在很强的联系，以及该变量在时空尺度上存在很强的长周期波动。
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