Effects of epinephrine exposure on contractile performance of compact and spongy myocardium from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during hypoxia.

Hypoxia results in elevated circulating epinephrine for many fish species, and this is likely important for maintaining cardiac function. The aims of this study were to assess how hypoxia impacts contractile responses of ventricular compact and spongy myocardium from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and to assess how and if epinephrine may protect myocardial performance from a depressive effect of hypoxia. Work output and maximum contraction rate of isolated preparations of spongy and compact ventricular myocardium from rainbow trout were measured. Tissues were exposed to the blood PO that they experience in vivo during environmental normoxia and hypoxia and also to low (5 nM) and high (500 nM) levels of epinephrine in 100% air saturation (PO 20.2 kPa) and during hypoxia (PO 2 kPa, 10% air saturation). It was hypothesized that hypoxia would result in a decrease in work output and maximum contraction rate in both tissue types, but that epinephrine exposure would mitigate the effect. Hypoxia resulted in a decline in net work output of both tissue types, but a decline in maximum contraction rate of only compact myocardium. Epinephrine restored the maximum contraction rate of compact myocardium in hypoxia, appeared to slightly enhance work output of only compact myocardium in air saturation but surprisingly not during hypoxia, and restored net work of hypoxic spongy myocardium toward normoxic levels. These results indicate hypoxia has a similar depressive effect on both layers of ventricular myocardium, but that high epinephrine may be important for maintaining inotropy in spongy myocardium and chronotropy in compact myocardium during hypoxia.