Infusional Therapies, Continuous Dopaminergic Stimulation, and Nonmotor Symptoms.

Pump-based Parkinson (PD) therapies, including subcutaneous apomorphine infusion (CSA) and levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG), presently constitute the most effective pharmacological treatments available for advanced PD. These therapies are based on a more constant delivery of the dopaminergic drug resulting in a more continuous dopaminergic stimulation and a more stable treatment effect. This can be detected as reduction of time in off, reduction of dyskinesia frequency and severity, as well as increase of time in on without troublesome dyskinesias. A number of open-label studies now suggest that also the nonmotor PD symptomatology can improve under CSA and LCIG therapy. The most consistent improvements are seen concerning sleep, mood, and apathy, gastrointestinal symptoms, and urological symptoms. But also cardiovascular symptoms, perception, attention, and sexual function might show beneficial effects when moving from conventional therapies to pump treatment. Further there might be negative influences on some parts of the nonmotor symptomatology through side effects of CSA and LCIG therapy. In this chapter, we review the present knowledge about these aspects of the pump-based therapies. This information might be valuable when deciding on advanced therapy for individual patients.