Management of hyperglycemia in the neurosurgery patient.

Hyperglycemia is associated with adverse outcomes in patients who are candidates for or underwent neurosurgical procedures. Specific concerns and settings that relate to these patients are preoperative glycemic control, intraoperative control, management in the neurological intensive care unit (NICU), and postoperative control. In each of these settings, physicians have to ensure appropriate glycemic control to prevent or minimize adverse events. The glycemic control is usually managed by a neurohospitalist in co-management with the neurosurgery team pre- and post-operatively, and by the neurocritical care team in the setting of NICU. In this review article, we outline current standards of care for neurosurgery patients with diabetes mellitus and/or and hyperglycemia and discuss results of most recent clinical trials. We highlight specific concerns with regards to glycemic controls in these patients including enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition, the issues of the transition to the outpatient care, and management of steroid-induced hyperglycemia. We also note lack of evidence in some important areas, and the need for more research addressing these gaps. Where possible, we provide suggestions how to manage these patients when there is no underlying guideline.