Woo R, Seltzer J L
Urol Clin North Am. 1987 May;14(2):405-17.
Pain states can be divided into three categories: acute, chronic not resulting from malignancy, and chronic malignant pain. A Pain Clinic can provide in-depth evaluation and treatment of difficult pain problems. A variety of oral and parenteral medications, ranging from nonsteroidal analgesics to narcotics, are available to control pain. Local anesthetics can be used for local infiltration, and peripheral and central nerve blocks can also be used as indications warrant.
急性疼痛、非恶性肿瘤引起的慢性疼痛和慢性恶性疼痛。疼痛诊所可以对疑难疼痛问题进行深入评估和治疗。有多种口服和注射药物可供使用，从非甾体类镇痛药到麻醉药，以控制疼痛。局部麻醉药可用于局部浸润，外周和中枢神经阻滞也可根据适应证使用。
