Detection and quantification of the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene conferring colistin resistance in wastewater.

There is a global concern about the increasing resistance of bacterial pathogens to colistin, an antibiotic of last resort for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections (e.g. carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae). In this study, an increasing prevalence of colistin resistance in raw and treated wastewater was demonstrated using a new developed SYBR Green-based real-time PCR assay for specific detection and quantification of the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene. Raw and treated wastewater samples were collected from a wastewater treatment plant in Girona (Spain) at two different time periods (November 2011-January 2012 and December 2016-February 2017). In both periods, the absolute abundance of the mcr-1 gene was significantly higher (P <0.05) in raw sewage samples, suggesting that conventional wastewater treatment reduces colistin-resistant bacteria. Moreover, the analysis revealed an increase from 1-2 orders of magnitude in the absolute abundance of mcr-1 between the studied periods (winter 2011 versus winter 2016, P <0.05), suggesting that colistin resistance has increased over time. This study gives evidence of the growing spread of mcr-1 and provides a real-time PCR assay for its rapid detection and quantification.