Jabar Syaheed B, Filipowicz Alex, Anderson Britt
Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Atten Percept Psychophys. 2017 Nov;79(8):2338-2353. doi: 10.3758/s13414-017-1412-8.
When a location is cued, targets appearing at that location are detected more quickly. When a target feature is cued, targets bearing that feature are detected more quickly. These attentional cueing effects are only superficially similar. More detailed analyses find distinct temporal and accuracy profiles for the two different types of cues. This pattern parallels work with probability manipulations, where both feature and spatial probability are known to affect detection accuracy and reaction times. However, little has been done by way of comparing these effects. Are probability manipulations on space and features distinct? In a series of five experiments, we systematically varied spatial probability and feature probability along two dimensions (orientation or color). In addition, we decomposed response times into initiation and movement components. Targets appearing at the probable location were reported more quickly and more accurately regardless of whether the report was based on orientation or color. On the other hand, when either color probability or orientation probability was manipulated, response time and accuracy improvements were specific for that probable feature dimension. Decomposition of the response time benefits demonstrated that spatial probability only affected initiation times, whereas manipulations of feature probability affected both initiation and movement times. As detection was made more difficult, the two effects further diverged, with spatial probability disproportionally affecting initiation times and feature probability disproportionately affecting accuracy. In conclusion, all manipulations of probability, whether spatial or featural, affect detection. However, only feature probability affects perceptual precision, and precision effects are specific to the probable attribute.
当一个位置被提示时，出现在该位置的目标能被更快地检测到。当一个目标特征被提示时，具有该特征的目标能被更快地检测到。这些注意提示效应只是表面上相似。更详细的分析发现，这两种不同类型的提示具有不同的时间和准确性特征。这种模式与概率操纵的研究结果相似，在概率操纵中，特征概率和空间概率都已知会影响检测准确性和反应时间。然而，在比较这些效应方面几乎没有做什么工作。空间和特征上的概率操纵是不同的吗？在一系列五个实验中，我们沿着两个维度（方向或颜色）系统地改变空间概率和特征概率。此外，我们将反应时间分解为启动和运动成分。无论报告是基于方向还是颜色，出现在可能位置的目标都能被更快、更准确地报告。另一方面，当操纵颜色概率或方向概率时，反应时间和准确性的提高只针对该可能的特征维度。反应时间益处的分解表明，空间概率只影响启动时间，而特征概率的操纵则影响启动时间和运动时间。随着检测变得更加困难，这两种效应进一步分化，空间概率对启动时间的影响不成比例，而特征概率对准确性的影响不成比例。总之，所有概率操纵，无论是空间上的还是特征上的，都会影响检测。然而，只有特征概率会影响感知精度，并且精度效应特定于可能的属性。
