What are the roadblocks to using population models in ecotoxicology studies?

Understanding how pollution affects populations is critical for targeted environmental risk assessments and adequate protection of the environment. However, the vast majority of ecotoxicology studies still have a traditional focus of identifying effects on individual organisms and do not measure the effects at the population-level. Modelling tools that measure population effects of pollution are available and would add value to current ecotoxicology studies by aligning outcomes more closely to what needs to be protected. In this paper I outline three possible reasons why this knowledge gap still exists and consider how they could be adopted more broadly, including better considerations about what endpoints should be measured at the initial study design phase. The purpose of highlighting this knowledge gap is to assist in facilitating the integration of population-level endpoints into routine pollution monitoring programs and progress of ecologically relevant ecotoxicology research.