[Anatomical bases of the neural regulation of the gastrointestinal organs].

The nervous regulation of splanchnic organs is based on a hierarchic morphological system including the central and peripheral nervous system. The efferent nerves of the viscera stem from the medullo-spinal primary centers which are superordinate to the intrinsic nerve plexus of the splanchnic organs. The medullo-spinal activity is modulated by specific and unspecific higher centers (nuclei) of the entire brainstem. The afferent nerves of the viscera reach the medullo-spinal centers via sympathetic pathways and the dorsal root ganglia as well as via the medulla oblongata via the vagus nerve and the nodose ganglion. These primary sensory neurons end at various centers of the medullo-spinal system. That is, they are connected to the primary centers. The afferent nerves guarantee direct control over the functional status of the viscera. The neurotransmitters of the entire autonomic circuits are specific to the splanchnic organs. Catecholaminergic, acetylcholinergic, and GABA-ergic neurons contain a variable pattern of co-stored neuropeptides which are responsible for the individual properties of the circuits of each visceral organ.