Evert Alison B, Franz Marion J
University of Washington Medical Center-Diabetes Care Center, Seattle, WA.
Nutrition Concepts by Franz, Minneapolis, MN.
Diabetes Spectr. 2017 Aug;30(3):153-156. doi: 10.2337/ds017-0025.
This article reviews studies related to biological mechanisms that make weight loss maintenance difficult. Approximately 50% of weight variance is reported to be determined by genetics and 50% by the environment (energy-dense foods and reduced physical activity). Body weight is tightly regulated by hormonal, metabolic, and neural factors. Hormonal adaptations (decreases in leptin, peptide YY, cholecystokinin, and insulin and increases in ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and pancreatic polypeptide) encourage weight gain after diet-induced weight loss and continue for at least 1 year after initial weight reduction. Weight loss also results in adaptive thermogenesis (decreased resting metabolic rate), which is also maintained long-term. Neural factors such as dopamine also signal the need to respond to an increased desire for fatty foods after weight loss.
本文综述了与减肥维持困难相关的生物学机制的研究。据报道，约50%的体重差异由遗传因素决定，50%由环境因素（高能量密度食物和体力活动减少）决定。体重受到激素、代谢和神经因素的严格调节。激素适应性变化（瘦素、肽YY、胆囊收缩素和胰岛素减少，胃饥饿素、胰高血糖素样肽1、胃抑制多肽和胰多肽增加）会在节食导致体重减轻后促使体重增加，并且在最初体重减轻后至少持续1年。体重减轻还会导致适应性产热（静息代谢率降低），这种情况也会长期持续。多巴胺等神经因素也表明，体重减轻后对高脂肪食物的渴望增加，需要对此做出反应。
