Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Zhe Jiang Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Agriculture and Food Science, 88 North Road of Huan Cheng, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhe Jiang 311300, China.
Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Jan 1;610-611:1222-1238. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.155. Epub 2017 Aug 30.
Information from effects of pesticides in sediments at an ecosystem level, to validate current and proposed risk assessment procedures, is scarce. A sediment-spiked outdoor freshwater microcosm experiment was conducted with fludioxonil (lipophilic, non-systemic fungicide) to study exposure dynamics and treatment-related responses of benthic and pelagic macroinvertebrates and zooplankton. Besides blank control and solvent control systems the experiment had six different treatment levels (1.7-614mga.s./kg dry sediment) based around the reported 28-d No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) for Chironomus riparius (40mga.s./kg dry sediment). Twelve systems were available per treatment of which four were sacrificed on each of days 28, 56 and 84 after microcosm construction. Fludioxonil persisted in the sediment and mean measured concentrations were 53-82% of the initial concentration after 84days. The dissipation rate increased with the treatment level. Also exposure concentrations in overlying water were long-term, with highest concentrations 28days after initiation of the experiment. Sediment-dwelling Oligochaeta and pelagic Rotifera and Cladocera showed the most pronounced treatment-related declines. The most sensitive sediment-dwelling oligochaete was Dero digitata (population NOEC 14.2mga.s./kg dry sediment). The same NOEC was calculated for the sediment-dwelling macroinvertebrate community. The most sensitive zooplankton species was the cladoceran Diaphanosoma brachyurum (NOEC of 1.6μga.s./L in overlying water corresponding to 5.0mga.s./kg dry sediment). At the two highest treatments several rotifer taxa showed a pronounced decrease, while the zooplankton community-level NOEC was 5.6μga.s./L (corresponding to 14.2mga.s./kg dry sediment). Zooplankton taxa calanoid Copepoda and Daphnia gr. longispina showed a pronounced treatment-related increase (indirect effects). Consequently, an assessment factor of 10 to the chronic laboratory NOECs of Chironomus riparius (sediment) and Daphnia magna (water) results in a regulatory acceptable concentration that is sufficiently protective for both the sediment-dwelling and pelagic organisms in the microcosms.
从生态系统层面的沉积物中农药的影响信息，来验证当前和拟议的风险评估程序，这方面的信息还很缺乏。本研究采用氟虫腈（亲脂性、非系统性杀真菌剂）进行了室外淡水微宇宙实验，以研究底栖和浮游大型无脊椎动物和浮游动物的暴露动态和与处理相关的反应。除空白对照和溶剂对照系统外，实验还基于对 Chironomus riparius（40mga.s./kg 干沉积物）的 28 天无观察效应浓度（NOEC），设置了 6 个不同的处理水平（1.7-614mga.s./kg 干沉积物）。每个处理组有 12 个系统，其中 4 个系统在微宇宙构建后第 28、56 和 84 天分别牺牲。氟虫腈在沉积物中持续存在，84 天后的平均测量浓度为初始浓度的 53-82%。消解速率随处理水平的增加而增加。此外，上覆水中的暴露浓度也很持久，实验开始后 28 天达到最高浓度。底栖寡毛纲动物和浮游轮虫和枝角类动物表现出最明显的与处理相关的下降。最敏感的底栖寡毛纲动物是 Dero digitata（种群 NOEC 为 14.2mga.s./kg 干沉积物）。同样的 NOEC 也适用于底栖大型无脊椎动物群落。最敏感的浮游动物物种是枝角类动物 Diaphanosoma brachyurum（上覆水中的 NOEC 为 1.6μga.s./L，相当于 5.0mga.s./kg 干沉积物）。在最高的两个处理水平下，几个轮虫类群表现出明显的减少，而浮游动物群落水平的 NOEC 为 5.6μga.s./L（相当于 14.2mga.s./kg 干沉积物）。浮游动物类群桡足类 Copepoda 和 Daphnia gr. longispina 表现出明显的与处理相关的增加（间接影响）。因此，慢性实验室 NOEC 评估因子为 10，适用于 Chironomus riparius（沉积物）和 Daphnia magna（水），这导致了一个监管可接受的浓度，对微宇宙中的底栖生物和浮游生物都有足够的保护作用。
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