Virtual-Reality & NeuroCognition Lab, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 29;7(1):9631. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09984-7.
We compare motor planning mechanisms of ADHD and control subjects based on their effect on later observed kinematic characteristics. We monitor hand movement following planning conditions that differ in preparation time, and evaluate the differences across conditions and participants with/without ADHD. Our findings show that when there is sufficient planning time, people without ADHD seem to have a motor plan ready, and immediately initiate a planned movement after a 'GO' cue, with a bell shaped velocity profile. When planning time is not sufficient, they start the movement in a delayed time, possibly indicating that they needed to complete a movement plan. However, people with ADHD, did not start movement immediately after the cue, even when provided with a long preparation time, possibly indicating that even for this planning interval they did not have a motion plan ready. The movement was not only delayed, its velocity profile was not bell shaped and had several peaks. We further found differences between control and ADHD participants in the velocity profile, variability and jitter of movements. Our results suggest that ADHD motion characteristics, are associated with an immature motor plan. Based on the results we propose a paradigm to evaluate deficiencies in motor planning.
我们根据 ADHD 患者和对照组被试的运动规划机制对其后续观察到的运动学特征进行了比较。我们监测了在不同准备时间的规划条件下的手部运动，并评估了不同条件和有无 ADHD 的参与者之间的差异。我们的研究结果表明，当有足够的规划时间时，没有 ADHD 的人似乎已经准备好运动计划，并在“GO”提示后立即启动计划好的运动，速度呈现钟形曲线。当规划时间不足时，他们会延迟开始运动，这可能表明他们需要完成运动计划。然而，ADHD 患者即使在提供了较长的准备时间后，也不会在提示后立即开始运动，这可能表明即使在这个规划间隔内，他们也没有准备好运动计划。运动不仅延迟了，而且速度曲线也不是钟形的，有多个峰值。我们还发现，在运动速度曲线、变异性和抖动方面，对照组和 ADHD 参与者之间存在差异。我们的结果表明，ADHD 的运动特征与不成熟的运动计划有关。基于这些结果，我们提出了一种评估运动规划缺陷的范式。
