Arbovirus Group, Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
Intervirology. 2017;60(1-2):8-18. doi: 10.1159/000479966. Epub 2017 Sep 5.
Emerging Flaviviruses pose an increasing threat to global human health. To date, human vaccines against yellow fever virus (YFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), dengue virus (DV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) exist. However, there is no human vaccine against other Flaviviruses such as Zika virus (ZIKV) and West Nile virus (WNV). In order to restrict their spread and to protect populations against the diseases they induce, vaccines against these emerging viruses must be designed. Obtaining new live attenuated Flavivirus vaccines using molecular biology methods is now possible. Molecular infectious clones of the parental viruses are relatively easy to generate. Key mutations present in live attenuated vaccines or mutations known to have a key role in the Flavivirus life cycle and/or interactions with their hosts can be identified by sequencing, and are then inserted in infectious clones by site-directed mutagenesis. More recently, the use of chimeric viruses and large-scale reencoding and introduction of microRNA target sequences have also been tested. Indeed, a combination of these methods will help in designing new generations of vaccines against emerging and reemerging Flaviviruses.
新兴的黄病毒对全球人类健康构成了日益严重的威胁。迄今为止，已有针对黄热病毒（YFV）、日本脑炎病毒（JEV）、登革热病毒（DV）和蜱传脑炎病毒（TBEV）的人类疫苗。然而，针对其他黄病毒，如寨卡病毒（ZIKV）和西尼罗河病毒（WNV），目前还没有人类疫苗。为了限制它们的传播并保护人群免受它们引起的疾病的侵害，必须设计针对这些新兴病毒的疫苗。现在可以使用分子生物学方法获得新的减毒活黄病毒疫苗。亲本病毒的分子传染性克隆相对容易生成。通过测序可以鉴定出活减毒疫苗中存在的关键突变或已知在黄病毒生命周期和/或与宿主相互作用中起关键作用的突变，然后通过定点诱变将其插入传染性克隆中。最近，还测试了嵌合病毒的使用以及大规模重新编码和引入 microRNA 靶序列。事实上，这些方法的结合将有助于设计针对新兴和重现的黄病毒的新一代疫苗。
