Curt Engelhorn Center for Archaeometry gGmbH, 68159 Mannheim, Germany;
Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhardt Karls University Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Sep 19;114(38):10083-10088. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1706355114. Epub 2017 Sep 5.
Human mobility has been vigorously debated as a key factor for the spread of bronze technology and profound changes in burial practices as well as material culture in central Europe at the transition from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. However, the relevance of individual residential changes and their importance among specific age and sex groups are still poorly understood. Here, we present ancient DNA analysis, stable isotope data of oxygen, and radiogenic isotope ratios of strontium for 84 radiocarbon-dated skeletons from seven archaeological sites of the Late Neolithic Bell Beaker Complex and the Early Bronze Age from the Lech River valley in southern Bavaria, Germany. Complete mitochondrial genomes documented a diversification of maternal lineages over time. The isotope ratios disclosed the majority of the females to be nonlocal, while this is the case for only a few males and subadults. Most nonlocal females arrived in the study area as adults, but we do not detect their offspring among the sampled individuals. The striking patterns of patrilocality and female exogamy prevailed over at least 800 y between about 2500 and 1700 BC. The persisting residential rules and even a direct kinship relation across the transition from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age add to the archaeological evidence of continuing traditions from the Bell Beaker Complex to the Early Bronze Age. The results also attest to female mobility as a driving force for regional and supraregional communication and exchange at the dawn of the European metal ages.
人类的流动性一直是一个激烈争论的话题，被认为是青铜技术传播和中欧新石器时代向青铜时代过渡时期丧葬习俗和物质文化深刻变化的关键因素。然而，个体居住变化的相关性及其在特定年龄和性别群体中的重要性仍未得到充分理解。在这里，我们介绍了德国巴伐利亚州南部莱希河谷新石器时代晚期杯状带把陶器文化和青铜时代早期的七个考古遗址的 84 具放射性碳定年骨骼的古 DNA 分析、氧稳定同位素数据和锶放射性同位素比值。完整的线粒体基因组记录了母系血统随时间的多样化。同位素比值显示大多数女性为非本地居民，而这种情况在少数男性和亚成年人中存在。大多数非本地女性作为成年人到达研究区域，但我们在抽样个体中没有发现她们的后代。至少在公元前 2500 年至 1700 年的 800 多年间，一直存在着父居制和女性外婚制的显著模式。从新石器时代到青铜时代的过渡时期，持续的居住规则甚至直接的亲属关系，都增加了从杯状带把陶器文化到青铜时代早期的持续传统的考古证据。研究结果还证明了女性的流动性是欧洲金属时代早期区域和超区域交流和交换的驱动力。
