Incorporation of PCSK9 inhibitors into prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) has become recently more complex than ever, leaving the clinicians perplexed with outdated guidelines and emerging evidence about new LDL-C lowering therapies. 2013 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines have focused on high intensity statin therapy for specific groups of patients, while abandoning long established LDL-C goals, a strategy which no longer seems valid. PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) inhibitors have emerged as the add-on therapy on top of statins and/or ezetimibe for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and ASCVD prevention. In several clinical trials, PCSK9 inhibitors have demonstrated their safety and robust LDL-C-lowering power. One completed cardiovascular (CV) outcomes trial (FOURIER; Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research with PCSK9 Inhibitions in Subjects with Elevated Risk) has demonstrated that PCSK9 inhibition reduces rates of CV death as well as non-fatal stroke and MI, while another major CV outcome trial is under way (ODYSSEY-OUTCOMES). Several trials studying CV benefits of novel LDL-C-lowering therapies are also being conducted. Prompt revision of ACC/AHA guidelines is necessary. In the meantime, physicians need to use clinical judgment integrating the most recent evidence into their practice.