Shapira Michal
Med Hist. 2017 Oct;61(4):525-547. doi: 10.1017/mdh.2017.57.
How did the complex concepts of psychoanalysis become popular in early twentieth-century Britain? This article examines the contribution of educator and psychoanalyst Susan Isaacs (1885-1948) to this process, as well as her role as a female expert in the intellectual and medical history of this period. Isaacs was one of the most influential British psychologists of the inter-war era, yet historical research on her work is still limited. The article focuses on her writing as 'Ursula Wise', answering the questions of parents and nursery nurses in the popular journal Nursery World, from 1929 to 1936. Researched in depth for the first time, Isaacs' important magazine columns reveal that her writing was instrumental in disseminating the work of psychoanalyst Melanie Klein in Britain. Moreover, Isaacs' powerful rebuttals to behaviourist, disciplinarian parenting methods helped shift the focus of caregivers to the child's perspective, encouraging them to acknowledge children as independent subjects and future democratic citizens. Like other early psychoanalysts, Isaacs was not an elitist; she was in fact committed to disseminating her ideas as broadly as possible. Isaacs taught British parents and child caregivers to 'speak Kleinian', translating Klein's intellectual ideas into ordinary language and thus enabling their swift integration into popular discourse.
精神分析的复杂概念是如何在20世纪初的英国流行起来的？本文探讨了教育家兼精神分析学家苏珊·艾萨克斯（1885 - 1948）在这一过程中的贡献，以及她在这一时期知识和医学史上作为女性专家的角色。艾萨克斯是两次世界大战之间最有影响力的英国心理学家之一，但对她工作的历史研究仍然有限。本文聚焦于她以“厄休拉·怀斯”为笔名的写作，这些文章发表于1929年至1936年的大众杂志《育儿世界》，回答了家长和托儿所护士们的问题。艾萨克斯在该杂志上的重要专栏文章首次得到深入研究，结果显示她的写作在精神分析学家梅兰妮·克莱因的著作在英国的传播中起到了重要作用。此外，艾萨克斯对行为主义、纪律主义育儿方法的有力反驳有助于将照顾者的关注点转向孩子的视角，鼓励他们将孩子视为独立个体和未来的民主公民。和其他早期精神分析学家一样，艾萨克斯并非精英主义者；事实上，她致力于尽可能广泛地传播自己的思想。艾萨克斯教导英国的家长和儿童照顾者“用克莱因派的方式说话”，将克莱因的学术思想转化为日常语言，从而使其迅速融入大众话语之中。
