Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; email:
Annu Rev Entomol. 2018 Jan 7;63:69-86. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043201. Epub 2017 Sep 22.
Sleep is essential for proper brain function in mammals and insects. During sleep, animals are disconnected from the external world; they show high arousal thresholds and changed brain activity. Sleep deprivation results in a sleep rebound. Research using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has helped us understand the genetic and neuronal control of sleep. Genes involved in sleep control code for ion channels, factors influencing neurotransmission and neuromodulation, and proteins involved in the circadian clock. The neurotransmitters/neuromodulators involved in sleep control are GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, and several neuropeptides. Sleep is controlled by the interplay between sleep homeostasis and the circadian clock. Putative sleep-wake centers are located in higher-order brain centers that are indirectly connected to the circadian clock network. The primary function of sleep appears to be the downscaling of synapses that have been built up during wakefulness. Thus, brain homeostasis is maintained and learning and memory are assured.
睡眠对于哺乳动物和昆虫的大脑功能正常运作至关重要。在睡眠期间，动物与外部世界断开联系；它们表现出高唤醒阈值和改变的大脑活动。睡眠剥夺会导致睡眠反弹。使用黑腹果蝇进行的研究帮助我们了解了睡眠的遗传和神经元控制。参与睡眠控制的基因编码离子通道、影响神经递质传递和神经调制的因素以及参与生物钟的蛋白质。涉及睡眠控制的神经递质/神经调质是 GABA、多巴胺、乙酰胆碱、血清素和几种神经肽。睡眠受睡眠稳态和生物钟之间的相互作用控制。假定的睡眠-觉醒中心位于与生物钟网络间接连接的高级脑区。睡眠的主要功能似乎是降低在清醒期间建立的突触的强度。因此，大脑的稳态得以维持，学习和记忆得到保证。
