Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, 50 South Drive, Building 50, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 601 Charles E Young Drive South, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
Nat Rev Genet. 2017 Dec;18(12):705-720. doi: 10.1038/nrg.2017.67. Epub 2017 Sep 25.
The domestic dog represents one of the most dramatic long-term evolutionary experiments undertaken by humans. From a large wolf-like progenitor, unparalleled diversity in phenotype and behaviour has developed in dogs, providing a model for understanding the developmental and genomic mechanisms of diversification. We discuss pattern and process in domestication, beginning with general findings about early domestication and problems in documenting selection at the genomic level. Furthermore, we summarize genotype-phenotype studies based first on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping and then with whole-genome data and show how an understanding of evolution informs topics as different as human history, adaptive and deleterious variation, morphological development, ageing, cancer and behaviour.
家犬是人类进行的最具戏剧性的长期进化实验之一。从大型狼状祖先开始，狗的表型和行为已经发展出无与伦比的多样性，为理解多样化的发育和基因组机制提供了模型。我们讨论了驯化中的模式和过程，首先讨论了早期驯化的一般发现以及在基因组水平上记录选择的问题。此外，我们首先基于单核苷酸多态性（SNP）基因分型，然后基于全基因组数据总结基因型-表型研究，并展示了对进化的理解如何影响人类历史、适应性和有害性变异、形态发育、衰老、癌症和行为等不同主题。
