exposure of to human renal cells lacks acute toxicity.

is a dietary supplement ingredient present in several types of dietary supplements, including weight loss, respiratory relief, and immune regulating products. Due to its reported wide range of uses in folk medicine, it was hypothesized that it may have the potential to target multiple organs and lead to a range of toxicity features. As a preliminary evaluation of the safety of this herbal ingredient, an investigation into its effects on the kidney was sought. An study of its potential nephrotoxicity using the HK-2 human proximal tubule cell line in a variety of functional indicators was performed to capture both general forms of cellular toxicity as well as ones that are specific to proximal tubules. was only capable of inducing detrimental short-term toxicity to HK-2 cells at relatively high treatment concentrations when exposed directly to the cells. The lack of acute and potent toxicity of under our experimental conditions calls for further studies to better define its toxicant threshold and establish safe dosage levels.