Homeo box genes in murine development.

Considerable information has accumulated on mouse homeo box gene organization and expression. Homeo box genes are expressed in a wide variety of tissues, developmental stages, and cell lines. How can this be interpreted in view of the relationship of these genes to Drosophila morphogenetic loci? One view is that homeo box genes control determinative decisions by modulating transcription of as yet unidentified target genes. Proponents of this view are faced with two tasks: to identify developmental processes that are controlled by homeo box genes, and to identify the target genes that mediate this control. Such target genes might be identified on the basis of in vitro homeo domain-DNA interactions. Candidate morphogenetic processes might be identified on the basis of the observed patterns of homeo box gene expression. It must be stressed that finding expression in a given tissue in no way demonstrates that the expression is necessary for the determination of that tissue. The role of Drosophila homeo box genes in determinative decisions is based upon analysis of mutants to demonstrate that the pattern of homeo box gene expression determines the morphogenetic outcome. To test whether the expression of a mouse homeo box gene is involved in a determinative decision, one must disrupt the normal pattern of expression of that gene and observe the resulting morphogenetic effect. In mouse this can be approached by looking for allelism with known morphogenetic loci, by isolating mutants in homeo box genes through large-scale mutagenesis screens, or by introducing altered homeo box genes into transgenic mice. One of the most intriguing possibilities is that homeo box genes are involved in regional specification along the anteroposterior axis. In situ hybridization and Northern blot analysis have demonstrated that at least four different homeo box genes display distinct regional patterns of expression along the anteroposterior axis of the developing CNS. The expression of each of these genes has a unique anterior boundary from which expression extends posteriorly within the CNS. Hox 1.5 expression has an anterior boundary within the hindbrain just posterior to the pontine flexure. The anterior boundary of Hox 2.1 expression lies more posteriorly within the medulla of the hindbrain. Weak expression of Hox 2.5 is detected in the spinal cord just posterior to the first cervical vertebra, and maximal expression is found posterior to the second cervical vertebra.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)