Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
Chemosphere. 2018 Jan;190:454-462. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.101. Epub 2017 Sep 25.
Dust is a mixture of natural and anthropogenic particles originated from multiple sources, which can represent an hazard for human health. Playgrounds are a site of particularly concern, due to sand dust ingestion by toddlers and inhalation. In this study, 37 sands used in public playgrounds in the city of Barcelona were physico-chemically characterized also in relation to routine maintenance activities such as disinfection and sand renewal. The analyzed sands show a felsic mineralogy dominated by Na-feldspar, quartz, and, to a lesser extent, K-feldspar, with minor amounts of clay minerals, carbonates and hematite. Particle fractions below 10, 2.5 and 1 μm represent, on average, 0.65%, 0.17% and 0.07% of bulk volume, respectively, although, due to the human grinding, these initial fractions increased every year by a 18%, 5% and 2% respectively. Disinfection of sands effectively reduced only the NH concentration, among inorganic species. The average metal content was anthropogenically enriched, with respect to the upper continental crust, only for Sb and As. Both elements show high spatial variation indicating local sources such as road traffic for Sb (contributing mostly to the total concentration), and industry for As (also contributing with highly bioaccessible Sb, Cu and Zn). A clear inverse relationship between total concentrations of some elements and their leachable (Sb) and bioaccessible (Sb and Cr) fractions is observed. The most bioaccessible elements were Ca > Ni > Cu > Sr > Cd > Pb, all above the 25% of the total concentration. Bioaccessibility was higher for the carbonate-bearing particles and for the anthropic emitted metals (>50% of Ba, Cu, K, Pb and Zn).
灰尘是由多种来源产生的天然和人为颗粒的混合物，可能对人类健康构成危害。游乐场是特别令人关注的地方，因为幼儿会吞食和吸入沙尘。在这项研究中，对巴塞罗那市公共游乐场中使用的 37 种沙子进行了物理化学特性分析，还分析了与常规维护活动（如消毒和沙子更新）有关的特性。分析的沙子显示出长英质矿物学特征，主要由钠长石、石英和钾长石组成，含量较少，还有少量粘土矿物、碳酸盐和赤铁矿。小于 10、2.5 和 1 μm 的颗粒部分分别占体积累计的 0.65%、0.17%和 0.07%，尽管由于人类的研磨作用，这些初始颗粒部分每年分别增加 18%、5%和 2%。沙子的消毒有效地仅降低了无机物质中的 NH 浓度。平均金属含量相对于上地壳具有人为富集性，仅 Sb 和 As 是这种情况。这两种元素的空间变化都很大，表明 Sb 的局部来源是道路交通（主要贡献了总浓度），而 As 的局部来源是工业（也贡献了高度可生物利用的 Sb、Cu 和 Zn）。一些元素的总浓度与其可浸出（Sb）和可生物利用（Sb 和 Cr）分数之间存在明显的负相关关系。最可生物利用的元素是 Ca > Ni > Cu > Sr > Cd > Pb，均高于总浓度的 25%。含碳酸盐颗粒和人为排放金属的生物可利用性更高（Ba、Cu、K、Pb 和 Zn 的 50%以上）。
