Vicente Vania A, Weiss Vinícius A, Bombassaro Amanda, Moreno Leandro F, Costa Flávia F, Raittz Roberto T, Leão Aniele C, Gomes Renata R, Bocca Anamelia L, Fornari Gheniffer, de Castro Raffael J A, Sun Jiufeng, Faoro Helisson, Tadra-Sfeir Michelle Z, Baura Valter, Balsanelli Eduardo, Almeida Sandro R, Dos Santos Suelen S, Teixeira Marcus de Melo, Soares Felipe Maria S, do Nascimento Mariana Machado Fidelis, Pedrosa Fabio O, Steffens Maria B, Attili-Angelis Derlene, Najafzadeh Mohammad J, Queiroz-Telles Flávio, Souza Emanuel M, De Hoog Sybren
Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-Graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
Front Microbiol. 2017 Oct 9;8:1924. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01924. eCollection 2017.
and are genera of black yeast-like fungi harboring agents of a mutilating implantation disease in humans, along with strictly environmental species. The current hypothesis suggests that those species reside in somewhat adverse microhabitats, and pathogenic siblings share virulence factors enabling survival in mammal tissue after coincidental inoculation driven by pathogenic adaptation. A comparative genomic analysis of environmental and pathogenic siblings of and was undertaken, including assembly of from plant material. The genome size of species varied between 33.39 and 35.23 Mb, and the core genomes of those species comprises almost 70% of the genes. Expansions of protein domains such as glyoxalases and peptidases suggested ability for pathogenicity in clinical agents, while the use of nitrogen and degradation of phenolic compounds was enriched in environmental species. The similarity of carbohydrate-active vs. protein-degrading enzymes associated with the occurrence of virulence factors suggested a general tolerance to extreme conditions, which might explain the opportunistic tendency of sibling species. Virulence was tested in the model and immunological assays were performed in order to support this hypothesis. Larvae infected by environmental had a lower survival. Fungal macrophage murine co-culture showed that induced high levels of TNF-α contributing to macrophage activation that could increase the ability to control intracellular fungal growth although hyphal death were not observed, suggesting a higher level of extremotolerance of environmental species.
[具体属名1]和[具体属名2]是黑色酵母样真菌的属，它们与严格意义上的环境物种一起，携带着导致人类毁形性植入疾病的病原体。目前的假说认为，这些物种存在于某种不利的微生境中，致病的近缘种共享毒力因子，使其在致病适应驱动的偶然接种后能够在哺乳动物组织中存活。对[具体属名1]和[具体属名2]的环境近缘种和致病近缘种进行了比较基因组分析，包括从植物材料中组装[具体属名1]的基因组。[具体属名1]物种的基因组大小在33.39至35.23 Mb之间，这些物种的核心基因组几乎包含70%的基因。乙二醛酶和肽酶等蛋白质结构域的扩展表明临床病原体具有致病能力，而环境物种中氮的利用和酚类化合物的降解更为丰富。与毒力因子出现相关的碳水化合物活性酶与蛋白质降解酶的相似性表明对极端条件具有普遍耐受性，这可能解释了[具体属名1]近缘种的机会致病倾向。在[具体模型名称]模型中测试了毒力，并进行了免疫学分析以支持这一假说。受环境[具体属名1]感染的幼虫存活率较低。真菌与小鼠巨噬细胞共培养表明，[具体属名1]诱导高水平的肿瘤坏死因子-α，有助于巨噬细胞激活，这可能会增加控制细胞内真菌生长的能力，尽管未观察到菌丝死亡，这表明环境物种具有更高水平的极端耐受性。
