Saifi Mohd Aslam, Khan Wahid, Godugu Chandraiah
Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad-500037, Telangana, India.
Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad-500037, Telangana, India.
Pharm Nanotechnol. 2018;6(1):3-16. doi: 10.2174/2211738505666171023152928.
The rapid progress in the application of different types of nanoparticles in various biomedical applications resulted in substantial increase in the use of these materials. The special physicochemical properties like small size and increased surface area offered by nanoparticles may pose unexpected toxicologic threats despite of offering promising biological effects.
The intended as well as unintended exposure of nanoparticles to humans is a major challenge for the expanding field of nanoparticle therapy. In this review, an attempt has been made to briefly discuss the different factors affecting nanoparticle mediated toxicity, mechanism of toxicity, and interference of NPs with bioassays. A comprehensive overview has been provided for the in vitro and in vivo toxicologic assessment of NPs and what and how framing guidelines should be used for global unification of nanotoxicologic studies.
The present review entails a discussion of the toxicity of nanoparticles along with interferences inherent to nanoparticles in toxicity studies. The lack of availability of regulatory guidelines for nanoparticles is one of the biggest issues. Our understanding of the mechanisms of NP-induced toxicity is superficial; thus, it is too early to come to a general consensus on the toxicity of NPs. There is a need, therefore, to standardize and validate the toxicity testing assays based on NPs properties.
不同类型纳米颗粒在各种生物医学应用中的迅速发展导致这些材料的使用大幅增加。尽管纳米颗粒具有如小尺寸和增加的表面积等特殊物理化学性质，并能带来有前景的生物学效应，但也可能带来意想不到的毒理学威胁。
纳米颗粒对人类的有意和无意暴露是纳米颗粒治疗这一不断扩展领域面临的主要挑战。在本综述中，试图简要讨论影响纳米颗粒介导毒性的不同因素、毒性机制以及纳米颗粒对生物测定的干扰。已对纳米颗粒的体外和体内毒理学评估以及应如何制定框架指南以实现纳米毒理学研究的全球统一进行了全面概述。
本综述讨论了纳米颗粒的毒性以及毒性研究中纳米颗粒固有的干扰。缺乏纳米颗粒的监管指南是最大问题之一。我们对纳米颗粒诱导毒性机制的理解较为肤浅；因此，就纳米颗粒的毒性达成普遍共识还为时过早。因此，需要根据纳米颗粒的性质对毒性测试方法进行标准化和验证。
