VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
EMBO Rep. 2017 Nov;18(11):1905-1921. doi: 10.15252/embr.201643426. Epub 2017 Oct 26.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized enzymes synthesize the vast majority of cellular lipids. The ER therefore has a major influence on cellular lipid biomass and balances the production of different lipid categories, classes, and species. Signals from outside and inside the cell are directed to ER-localized enzymes, and lipid enzyme activities are defined by the integration of internal, homeostatic, and external information. This allows ER-localized lipid synthesis to provide the cell with membrane lipids for growth, proliferation, and differentiation-based changes in morphology and structure, and to maintain membrane homeostasis across the cell. ER enzymes also respond to physiological signals to drive carbohydrates and nutritionally derived lipids into energy-storing triglycerides. In this review, we highlight some key regulatory mechanisms that control ER-localized enzyme activities in animal cells. We also discuss how they act in concert to maintain cellular lipid homeostasis, as well as how their dysregulation contributes to human disease.
内质网（ER）定位酶合成了绝大多数的细胞脂质。因此，内质网对内质网脂质生物量有重大影响，并平衡不同脂质类别、类和种的产生。来自细胞内外的信号被引导至 ER 定位酶，而脂质酶活性则由内部、体内平衡和外部信息的整合来定义。这使得 ER 定位脂质合成能够为细胞提供用于生长、增殖和分化的膜脂质，以改变形态和结构，并维持整个细胞的膜内稳态。ER 酶也会响应生理信号，将碳水化合物和营养衍生的脂质转化为储存能量的三酰甘油。在这篇综述中，我们强调了一些控制动物细胞 ER 定位酶活性的关键调节机制。我们还讨论了它们如何协同作用以维持细胞脂质内稳态，以及它们的失调如何导致人类疾病。
