Department of Aquatic Systems, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, EULA-Chile Centre, Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 537, ChillÃn, Chile.
Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2018;245:1-64. doi: 10.1007/398_2017_5.
Trace elements are chemical contaminants that can be present almost anywhere on the planet. The study of trace elements in biotic matrices is a topic of great relevance for the implications that it can have on wildlife and human health. Penguins are very useful, since they live exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere and represent about 90% of the biomass of birds of the Southern Ocean. The levels of trace elements (dry weight) in different biotic matrices of penguins were reviewed here. Maps of trace element records in penguins were included. Data on exposure and effects of trace elements in penguins were collected from the literature. The most reported trace elements in penguins are aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, copper, zinc, and manganese. Trace elements have been measured in 11 of the 18 species of penguins. The most studied biotic matrices are feathers and excreta. Most of the studies have been performed in Antarctica and subantarctic Islands. Little is known about the interaction among metals, which could provide better knowledge about certain mechanisms of detoxification in penguins. Future studies of trace elements in penguins must incorporate other metals such as vanadium, cobalt, nickel, and chromium. Data of metals in the species such as Eudyptes pachyrhynchus, Eudyptes moseleyi, Eudyptes sclateri, Eudyptes robustus, Eudyptes schlegeli, Spheniscus demersus, Spheniscus mendiculus, and Megadyptes antipodes are urged. It is important to correlate levels of metals in different biotic matrices with the effects on different species and in different geographic locations.
微量元素是化学污染物，几乎可以存在于地球上的任何地方。研究生物基质中的微量元素是一个非常重要的课题，因为它可能对野生动物和人类健康产生影响。企鹅是非常有用的研究对象，因为它们只生活在南半球，占南大洋鸟类生物量的 90%左右。本文综述了不同企鹅生物基质中微量元素（干重）的水平，并绘制了微量元素记录的地图。收集了有关微量元素在企鹅体内暴露和影响的数据。在企鹅体内报道最多的微量元素是铝、砷、镉、铅、汞、铜、锌和锰。在 18 种企鹅中有 11 种测量了微量元素。研究最多的生物基质是羽毛和排泄物。大多数研究都是在南极洲和亚南极岛屿进行的。对于金属之间的相互作用知之甚少，这可能有助于更好地了解企鹅体内某些解毒机制。未来对企鹅体内微量元素的研究必须纳入其他金属，如钒、钴、镍和铬。敦促提供诸如 Eudyptes pachyrhynchus、Eudyptes moseleyi、Eudyptes sclateri、Eudyptes robustus、Eudyptes schlegeli、Spheniscus demersus、Spheniscus mendiculus 和 Megadyptes antipodes 等物种的金属数据。重要的是要将不同生物基质中金属的水平与不同物种和不同地理位置的影响相关联。
