Synthesis of isotopically labeled all-trans retinals for DNP-enhanced solid-state NMR studies of retinylidene proteins.

Three all-trans retinals containing multiple C labels have been synthesized to enable dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced solid-state magic angle spinning NMR studies of novel microbial retinylidene membrane proteins including proteorhodpsin and channelrhodopsin. The synthetic approaches allowed specific introduction of C labels in ring substituents and at different positions in the polyene chain to probe structural features such as ring orientation and interaction of the chromophore with the protein in the ground state and in photointermediates. [10-18- C ]-All-trans-retinal (1b), [12,15- C ]-all-trans-retinal (1c), and [14,15- C ]-all-trans-retinal (1d) were synthesized in in 12, 8, and 7 linear steps from ethyl 2-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate (5) or β-ionone (4), respectively.