Jacquez Geoffrey M, Essex Aleksander, Curtis Andrew, Kohler Betsy, Sherman Recinda, Emam Khaled El, Shi Chen, Kaufmann Andy, Beale Linda, Cusick Thomas, Goldberg Daniel, Goovaerts Pierre
Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
BioMedware, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
J Geogr Syst. 2017 Jul;19(3):197-220. doi: 10.1007/s10109-017-0252-3. Epub 2017 May 11.
As the volume, accuracy and precision of digital geographic information have increased, concerns regarding individual privacy and confidentiality have come to the forefront. Not only do these challenge a basic tenet underlying the advancement of science by posing substantial obstacles to the sharing of data to validate research results, but they are obstacles to conducting certain research projects in the first place. Geospatial cryptography involves the specification, design, implementation and application of cryptographic techniques to address privacy, confidentiality and security concerns for geographically referenced data. This article defines geospatial cryptography and demonstrates its application in cancer control and surveillance. Four use cases are considered: (1) national-level de-duplication among state or province-based cancer registries; (2) sharing of confidential data across cancer registries to support case aggregation across administrative geographies; (3) secure data linkage; and (4) cancer cluster investigation and surveillance. A secure multi-party system for geospatial cryptography is developed. Solutions under geospatial cryptography are presented and computation time is calculated. As services provided by cancer registries to the research community, de-duplication, case aggregation across administrative geographies and secure data linkage are often time-consuming and in some instances precluded by confidentiality and security concerns. Geospatial cryptography provides secure solutions that hold significant promise for addressing these concerns and for accelerating the pace of research with human subjects data residing in our nation's cancer registries. Pursuit of the research directions posed herein conceivably would lead to a geospatially encrypted geographic information system (GEGIS) designed specifically to promote the sharing and spatial analysis of confidential data. Geospatial cryptography holds substantial promise for accelerating the pace of research with spatially referenced human subjects data.
随着数字地理信息的体量、准确性和精确性不断提高，对个人隐私和保密性的担忧已成为焦点。这些担忧不仅通过对数据共享以验证研究结果构成重大障碍，从而挑战了科学进步的一项基本原则，而且首先就阻碍了某些研究项目的开展。地理空间加密技术涉及密码技术的规范、设计、实施和应用，以解决地理参考数据的隐私、保密和安全问题。本文定义了地理空间加密技术，并展示了其在癌症控制和监测中的应用。考虑了四个用例：（1）基于州或省的癌症登记处之间的国家级重复数据删除；（2）跨癌症登记处共享机密数据，以支持跨行政区域的病例汇总；（3）安全的数据链接；（4）癌症聚集调查和监测。开发了一种用于地理空间加密技术的安全多方系统。提出了地理空间加密技术下的解决方案并计算了计算时间。作为癌症登记处向研究界提供的服务，重复数据删除、跨行政区域的病例汇总和安全的数据链接通常耗时较长，在某些情况下还会因保密和安全问题而无法进行。地理空间加密技术提供了安全的解决方案，有望解决这些问题，并加快对我国癌症登记处中人类受试者数据的研究步伐。追求本文提出的研究方向可能会导致专门设计用于促进机密数据共享和空间分析的地理空间加密地理信息系统（GEGIS）。地理空间加密技术对于加快对具有空间参考的人类受试者数据的研究步伐具有巨大潜力。
