Cochrane Brett A, Nwabuike Andrea A, Thomson David R, Milliken Bruce
Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2018 Apr;44(4):572-587. doi: 10.1037/xlm0000470. Epub 2017 Nov 2.
Maljkovic and Nakayama (1994) found that pop-out search performance is more efficient when a singleton target feature repeats rather than switches from 1 trial to the next-an effect known as priming of pop-out (PoP). They also reported findings indicating that the PoP effect is strongly automatic, as it was unaffected by knowledge of the upcoming target color. In the present study, we examined the impact of visual imagery on the PoP effect. Participants were instructed to imagine a target color that was opposite that of the preceding trial (e.g., if the prior target was red, then imagine green). Under these conditions, responses were faster for targets that matched the imagined color than for targets that matched the previous target color, reversing the typical PoP effect. There was no such reversal of the PoP effect for participants asked to verbalize rather than imagine an upcoming target color. In Experiment 3, we explored whether the PoP effect was indeed eliminated in the prior experiments, or instead obscured by the opposing visual imagery effect. Two conditions were compared, 1 in which a PoP effect could oppose the visual imagery effect, and another in which no such effect was possible, allowing inferences about whether a PoP effect was present. The results indicated that the PoP effect was present, but obscured by the larger visual imagery strategy effect that pushed performance in the opposite direction. Overall, the results suggest that the PoP effect is sensitive to top-down strategies that involve visual representations. (PsycINFO Database Record
马尔伊科维奇和中山（1994年）发现，当单一目标特征重复出现而非从一次试验到下一次试验发生变化时，弹出式搜索表现更高效——这种效应被称为弹出式启动（PoP）。他们还报告了一些研究结果，表明PoP效应具有很强的自动性，因为它不受对即将出现的目标颜色的了解的影响。在本研究中，我们考察了视觉表象对PoP效应的影响。参与者被要求想象与前一次试验目标颜色相反的颜色（例如，如果前一个目标是红色，那么就想象绿色）。在这些条件下，与匹配前一个目标颜色的目标相比，与想象颜色匹配的目标的反应更快，这扭转了典型的PoP效应。对于被要求说出而非想象即将出现的目标颜色的参与者，PoP效应没有出现这种逆转。在实验3中，我们探究了PoP效应在之前的实验中是否真的被消除了，或者相反，是否被相反的视觉表象效应所掩盖。我们比较了两种条件，一种是PoP效应可能与视觉表象效应相反的条件，另一种是不存在这种效应的条件，从而可以推断是否存在PoP效应。结果表明，PoP效应是存在的，但被更大的视觉表象策略效应所掩盖，该效应将表现推向了相反的方向。总体而言，结果表明PoP效应对于涉及视觉表征的自上而下的策略很敏感。（《心理学文摘数据库记录》
