Douziech Mélanie, van Zelm Rosalie, Oldenkamp Rik, Franco Antonio, Hendriks A Jan, King Henry, Huijbregts Mark A J
Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Chemosphere. 2018 Feb;193:32-41. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.009. Epub 2017 Nov 4.
Deriving reliable estimates of chemical emissions to the environment is a key challenge for impact and risk assessment methods and typically the associated uncertainty is not characterised. We have developed an approach to spatially quantify annual chemical emission loads to the aquatic environment together with their associated uncertainty using consumer survey data and publicly accessible and non-confidential data sources. The approach is applicable for chemicals widely used across a product sector. Product usage data from consumer survey studies in France, the Netherlands, South Korea and the USA were combined with information on typical product formulations, wastewater removal rates, and the spatial distribution of populations and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the four countries. Results are presented for three chemicals common to three types of personal care products (shampoo, conditioner, and bodywash) at WWTP and national levels. Uncertainty in WWTP-specific emission estimates was characterised with a 95% confidence interval and ranged up to a factor of 4.8 around the mean, mainly due to uncertainty associated with removal efficiency. Estimates of whole country product usage were comparable to total market estimates derived from sectorial market sales data with differences ranging from a factor 0.8 (for the Netherlands) to 5 (for the USA). The proposed approach is suitable where measured data on chemical emissions is missing and is applicable for use in risk assessments and chemical footprinting methods when applied to specific product categories.
获取可靠的化学物质向环境排放的估计值是影响和风险评估方法面临的关键挑战，而且通常相关的不确定性并未得到描述。我们开发了一种方法，利用消费者调查数据以及公开可得的非保密数据源，对进入水环境的年度化学物质排放负荷及其相关不确定性进行空间量化。该方法适用于在一个产品部门广泛使用的化学品。来自法国、荷兰、韩国和美国消费者调查研究的产品使用数据，与这四个国家典型产品配方、废水去除率以及人口和污水处理厂（WWTP）空间分布的信息相结合。给出了三种个人护理产品（洗发水、护发素和沐浴露）共有的三种化学品在污水处理厂和国家层面的结果。污水处理厂特定排放估计值的不确定性以95%置信区间表示，围绕均值的范围高达4.8倍，主要是由于与去除效率相关的不确定性。全国产品使用量的估计值与从部门市场销售数据得出的总市场估计值相当，差异范围从0.8倍（荷兰）到5倍（美国）。当缺少化学物质排放的实测数据时，所提出的方法是适用的，并且在应用于特定产品类别时可用于风险评估和化学足迹法。
