San Francisco State University, Department of Psychology, San Francisco, California, USA.
John Jay College of Criminal Justice of the City University of New York, Department of Psychology, New York, New York, USA.
J Trauma Stress. 2017 Dec;30(6):564-570. doi: 10.1002/jts.22232. Epub 2017 Nov 13.
Ten to eleven years after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was evaluated in 1,755 World Trade Center (WTC) evacuees based on data from the WTC Health Registry. Characteristics of men and women were compared and factors associated with PTSD symptom severity were examined using the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Compared with men (n = 1,015, 57.8%), women (n = 740, 42.2%) were younger and of lower socioeconomic status. Ten to eleven years after September 11, 2001, 13.7% of men and 24.1% of women met criteria for PTSD. Results indicated that when considered with all other variables (i.e., demographic, socioeconomic and social resources, exposure to the attacks, life events), gender was not a significant predictor of PTSD symptom severity. Being younger on September 11, 2001, unemployed, less educated, and/or having higher exposure to the attacks, unmet mental health care needs, and less social support predicted higher PCL scores for both genders (βs = .077 to .239). Demographic characteristics and socioeconomic resources (ΔR = .113) accounted for the largest amount of variance in PCL scores over and above exposure/evacuation, mental healthcare needs, and social support variables (ΔR = .093 to .102). When trends of unmet mental healthcare needs were analyzed, the most prevalent response for men was that they preferred to manage their own symptoms (15.1%), whereas the most prevalent response for women was that they could not afford to pay for mental health care (14.7%). Although the prevalence of probable PTSD in women tower survivors was approximately twice as high as it was for men, this is attributable largely to demographic and socioeconomic resource factors and not gender alone. Implications for treatment and interventions are discussed.
2001 年 9 月 11 日恐怖袭击事件发生 10 至 11 年后，根据世界贸易中心健康登记处的数据，对 1755 名世界贸易中心（WTC）撤离者进行了创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的评估。比较了男性和女性的特征，并使用 PTSD 检查表（PCL）检查了与 PTSD 症状严重程度相关的因素。与男性（n=1015，57.8%）相比，女性（n=740，42.2%）年龄更小，社会经济地位更低。2001 年 9 月 11 日 10 至 11 年后，13.7%的男性和 24.1%的女性符合 PTSD 标准。结果表明，在考虑所有其他变量（即人口统计学、社会经济和社会资源、暴露于袭击、生活事件）时，性别并不是 PTSD 症状严重程度的显著预测因素。2001 年 9 月 11 日年龄较小、失业、受教育程度较低、以及/或暴露于袭击、未满足的心理健康需求、较少的社会支持更高的 PCL 评分预测了两种性别的更高分数（βs=0.077 至 0.239）。人口统计学特征和社会经济资源（ΔR=0.113）占 PCL 评分方差的最大比例，超过了暴露/撤离、心理健康保健需求和社会支持变量（ΔR=0.093 至 0.102）。当分析未满足的心理健康保健需求趋势时，男性最常见的反应是他们更喜欢自行管理自己的症状（15.1%），而女性最常见的反应是他们无法负担心理健康护理费用（14.7%）。尽管女性 PTSD 塔幸存者的患病率大约是男性的两倍，但这主要归因于人口统计学和社会经济资源因素，而不仅仅是性别。讨论了治疗和干预的意义。
