Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK.
Center for Health Services Research, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
Nicotine Tob Res. 2019 Mar 30;21(4):469-474. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntx255.
The aim of this study was to assess the trends and correlates of waterpipe use between 2009 and 2017 in the 28 European Union (EU) member states.
We analyzed data from wave 72.3 (2009, n = 27788); wave 77.1 (2012, n = 26751); wave 82.4 (2014, n = 27801); and wave 87.1 (2017, n = 27901) of the Eurobarometer survey. Representative samples of EU residents aged ≥15 years were asked to report ever use of waterpipe. Regular waterpipe use, i.e., at least once a month was also assessed in 2017. Associations of ever and current use with sociodemographic factors were assessed with multilevel logistic regression.
The prevalence of ever waterpipe use in the EU increased from 11.6% in 2009 to 16.3% in 2014 before dropping to 12.9% in 2017, but there was wide variation between EU member states, ranging from 2.3% (Croatia, 2009) to 41.7% (Latvia, 2017). Regular waterpipe use was highest in Austria (3.6%), Latvia (2.5%) and Belgium (2.0%) in 2017. Respondents aged 15-24 years were 11.43 times more likely (95% confidence interval [CI] = 10.71 to 12.21) to have ever used waterpipe compared to those 55 years and older. Regular and ever waterpipe use were also more likely among current and former cigarette smokers. Males (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.64; 95% CI = 1.58 to 1.70) and those living in urban areas (aOR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.30 to 1.42) were more likely to have ever used waterpipe.
A substantial proportion of EU citizens, especially young men, have tried waterpipe. Regular use is relatively limited, but more systematic surveillance is required to monitor trends across the EU.
Data on waterpipe use in the European Union are scarce. The prevalence of ever waterpipe use in the EU increased from 11.6% in 2009 to 16.3% in 2014 before dropping to 12.9% in 2017, with wide variation between EU member states. Males, those living in urban areas, younger respondents, and current or former cigarette smokers were more likely to be ever or regular users of waterpipe.
本研究旨在评估 2009 年至 2017 年间 28 个欧盟（EU）成员国水烟使用的趋势和相关因素。
我们分析了 Eurobarometer 调查的第 72.3 波（2009 年，n=27788）；第 77.1 波（2012 年，n=26751）；第 82.4 波（2014 年，n=27801）和第 87.1 波（2017 年，n=27901）的数据。要求年龄≥15 岁的欧盟居民代表样本报告曾经使用过水烟。2017 年还评估了定期使用水烟的情况，即至少每月一次。使用多水平逻辑回归评估曾经和当前使用与社会人口因素的关联。
欧盟曾用水烟的比例从 2009 年的 11.6%上升到 2014 年的 16.3%，然后在 2017 年下降到 12.9%，但欧盟成员国之间差异很大，范围从 2.3%（克罗地亚，2009 年）到 41.7%（拉脱维亚，2017 年）。2017 年，水烟使用率最高的是奥地利（3.6%）、拉脱维亚（2.5%）和比利时（2.0%）。与 55 岁及以上的人相比，15-24 岁的受访者曾经使用水烟的可能性高 11.43 倍（95%置信区间[CI] = 10.71 至 12.21）。目前和曾经吸烟的人更有可能定期和曾经使用水烟。男性（调整后的优势比[aOR] = 1.64；95%CI = 1.58 至 1.70）和居住在城市地区的人（aOR = 1.36；95%CI = 1.30 至 1.42）更有可能曾经使用过水烟。
欧盟相当一部分公民，尤其是年轻男性，都尝试过水烟。定期使用水烟的比例相对较低，但需要更系统的监测来监测整个欧盟的趋势。
关于欧盟水烟使用的数据很少。欧盟曾用水烟的比例从 2009 年的 11.6%上升到 2014 年的 16.3%，然后在 2017 年下降到 12.9%，各成员国之间差异很大。男性、居住在城市地区、年轻的受访者以及目前或曾经吸烟的人更有可能曾经或定期使用水烟。
