Yamawaki Niwako, Tschanz Brian, Feick David
a University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
Cogn Emot. 2004 Feb 1;18(2):233-249. doi: 10.1080/02699930341000004.
Defensive pessimism (Norem & Cantor, 1986a) is conceived as an adaptive motivational strategy employed in academic contexts. The present research investigates some potentially deleterious correlates of the defensively pessimistic strategy. We examined the hypothesis that defensive pessimists would have a relatively high ratio of negative-to-positive academically relevant self-thoughts, and these accessible thoughts would be related to high self-esteem instability. Mediational analyses generally supported this hypothesis. However, defensive pessimism-optimism differences in self-esteem seemed to partially account for the mediated effects. We also found support for the hypothesis that, relative to optimists, defensive pessimists would tend to be less oriented toward mastery goals and more oriented toward performance-avoidance achievement goals in academic settings. Results were discussed in terms of the processing correlates and adaptive trade-offs of defensive pessimism.
防御性悲观主义（诺勒姆和坎托，1986a）被视为一种在学术环境中采用的适应性动机策略。本研究调查了防御性悲观主义策略的一些潜在有害关联。我们检验了这样一个假设：防御性悲观主义者在学业相关的自我想法中，消极想法与积极想法的比例相对较高，并且这些可及的想法与高自尊不稳定性有关。中介分析总体上支持了这一假设。然而，自尊方面防御性悲观主义与乐观主义的差异似乎部分解释了中介效应。我们还发现有证据支持以下假设：相对于乐观主义者，防御性悲观主义者在学术环境中往往较少以掌握目标为导向，而更多以成绩回避成就目标为导向。我们从防御性悲观主义的加工关联和适应性权衡方面对研究结果进行了讨论。
