Flores-Morales Amilcar, Iglesias-Gato Diego
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Front Oncol. 2017 Nov 7;7:267. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00267. eCollection 2017.
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancer among men in the western societies. Many PCa patients bear tumors that will not threat their lives if left untreated or if treatment is delayed. Our inability for early identification of these patients has resulted in massive overtreatment. Therefore, there is a great need of finding biomarkers for patient stratification according to prognostic risk; as well as there is a need for novel targets that can allow the development of effective treatments for patients that progress to castration-resistant PCa. Most biomarkers in cancer are proteins, including the widely-used prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Recent developments in mass spectrometry allow the identification and quantification of thousands of proteins and posttranslational modifications from small amounts of biological material, including formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, and biological fluids. Novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers have been identified in tissue, blood, urine, and seminal plasma of PCa patients, and new insights in the ethology and progression of this disease have been achieved using this technology. In this review, we summarize these findings and discuss the potential of this technology to pave the way toward the clinical implementation of precision medicine in PCa.
前列腺癌（PCa）是西方社会男性中最常被诊断出的癌症之一。许多前列腺癌患者所患的肿瘤如果不治疗或治疗延迟，不会威胁到他们的生命。我们无法早期识别这些患者导致了大量的过度治疗。因此，迫切需要找到根据预后风险对患者进行分层的生物标志物；同时也需要新的靶点，以便能够为进展为去势抵抗性前列腺癌的患者开发有效的治疗方法。癌症中的大多数生物标志物都是蛋白质，包括广泛使用的前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）。质谱技术的最新进展使得能够从少量生物材料（包括福尔马林固定石蜡包埋组织和生物体液）中鉴定和定量数千种蛋白质及翻译后修饰。在前列腺癌患者的组织、血液、尿液和精浆中已经鉴定出了新的诊断和预后生物标志物，并且利用这项技术在该疾病的病因学和进展方面取得了新的见解。在这篇综述中，我们总结了这些发现，并讨论了这项技术为前列腺癌精准医学的临床应用铺平道路的潜力。
