Wu Lee-Jen Suen, Chou Chuan-Chiang, Lin Yen-Chun
PhD, RN, Associate Professor Emerita, Department of Nursing, Chang Jung Christian University, Taiwan, ROC.
DNSc, RN, Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Chang Jung Christian University, Taiwan, ROC.
Hu Li Za Zhi. 2017 Dec;64(6):98-105. doi: 10.6224/JN.000088.
Loss is an inevitable experience for humans for which grief is a natural response. Nurses must have an adequate understanding of grief and bereavement in order to be more sensitive to these painful emotions and to provide appropriate care to families who have lost someone they love deeply. This article introduces four important grief theories: Freud's grief theory, Bowlby's attachment theory, Stroebe and Schuts' dual process model, and Neiyemer's meaning reconstruction model. Freud's grief theory holds that the process of grief adaptation involves a bereaved family adopting alternative ways to connect with the death of a loved one and to restore their self-ego. Attachment theory holds that individuals who undergo grieving that is caused by separation from significant others and that triggers the process of grief adaptation will fail to adapt if they resist change. The dual process model holds that bereaved families undergo grief adaptation not only as a way to face their loss but also to restore normality in their lives. Finally, the meaning reconstruction model holds that the grief-adaptation strength of bereaved families comes from their meaning reconstruction in response to encountered events. It is hoped that these theories offer nurses different perspectives on the grieving process and provide a practical framework for grief assessment and interventions. Additionally, specific interventions that are based on these four grief theories are recommended. Furthermore, theories of grief may help nurses gain insight into their own practice-related reactions and healing processes, which is an important part of caring for the grieving. Although the grieving process is time consuming, nurses who better understand grief will be better able to help family members prepare in advance for the death of a loved one and, in doing so, help facilitate their healing, with a view to the future and to finally returning to normal daily life.
失去是人类不可避免的经历，悲伤是对此的自然反应。护士必须充分理解悲伤和丧亲之痛，以便对这些痛苦情绪更加敏感，并为失去深爱之人的家庭提供适当的护理。本文介绍了四种重要的悲伤理论：弗洛伊德的悲伤理论、鲍尔比的依恋理论、斯特罗布和舒茨的双过程模型以及奈耶默的意义重构模型。弗洛伊德的悲伤理论认为，悲伤适应过程涉及丧亲家庭采用替代方式来与所爱之人的死亡建立联系并恢复自我。依恋理论认为，因与重要他人分离而经历悲伤并触发悲伤适应过程的个体，如果抗拒改变就无法适应。双过程模型认为，丧亲家庭经历悲伤适应不仅是面对损失的一种方式，也是恢复生活常态的方式。最后，意义重构模型认为，丧亲家庭的悲伤适应力量来自于他们对所遇事件的意义重构。希望这些理论能为护士提供关于悲伤过程的不同视角，并为悲伤评估和干预提供一个实用框架。此外，还推荐了基于这四种悲伤理论的具体干预措施。此外，悲伤理论可能有助于护士洞察自己与实践相关的反应和治愈过程，这是照顾悲伤者的重要组成部分。尽管悲伤过程很耗时，但更了解悲伤的护士将更有能力帮助家庭成员为所爱之人的死亡提前做好准备，从而帮助促进他们的治愈，展望未来并最终回归正常日常生活。
