Kunto Yohanes Sondang, Bras Hilde
*Wageningen School of Social Sciences,Wageningen University & Research,The Netherlands.
J Biosoc Sci. 2018 Sep;50(5):640-665. doi: 10.1017/S0021932017000566. Epub 2017 Nov 23.
In contrast to the extensive knowledge on the association between women's empowerment and the nutritional status of children under the age of five, relatively little is known about the influence of women's empowerment on adolescents' nutritional status. This study aimed to assess the association between women's empowerment and gender inequalities in adolescent nutritional status. Data were from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) covering the period 1997 to 2015, and consisted of 16,683 observations from 13,396 adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19 years born in 6781 families. Three indicators of women's empowerment were used: mother's education, mother's bargaining power and mother's working status. Multivariate linear regression with robust standard errors was used to examine whether and how these indicators of women's empowerment influenced adolescent nutritional status. Interaction terms were added to analyse how the association between women's empowerment and adolescent nutritional status differed by gender. The results showed that mother's education and mother's working status were significantly associated with adolescent nutritional status, particularly with height-for-age. Adolescents of well-educated mothers had a higher height-for-age while those who were raised by mothers with a blue-collar job had a lower height-for-age. Although no gender differences were found for height-for-age, gender differences for BMI-for-age were obvious, with boys having a lower BMI-for-age than girls. Interactions between indicators of mother's empowerment and gender showed that the gender gap in BMI-for-age was smaller for adolescents of more educated mothers. However, further analyses of food consumption patterns showed that boys whose mothers were more educated consumed more fast food and had higher instant noodle consumption than girls, thus suggesting gender bias in new disguise.
与关于妇女赋权与五岁以下儿童营养状况之间关联的广泛知识形成对比的是，人们对妇女赋权对青少年营养状况的影响知之甚少。本研究旨在评估妇女赋权与青少年营养状况方面的性别不平等之间的关联。数据来自1997年至2015年期间的印度尼西亚家庭生活调查（IFLS），由来自6781个家庭的13396名10至19岁青少年的16683条观测数据组成。使用了三个妇女赋权指标：母亲的教育程度、母亲的议价能力和母亲的工作状况。采用具有稳健标准误的多元线性回归来检验这些妇女赋权指标是否以及如何影响青少年营养状况。添加交互项以分析妇女赋权与青少年营养状况之间的关联如何因性别而异。结果表明，母亲的教育程度和母亲的工作状况与青少年营养状况显著相关，尤其是与年龄别身高相关。母亲受教育程度高的青少年年龄别身高较高，而由从事蓝领工作的母亲抚养长大的青少年年龄别身高较低。虽然在年龄别身高方面未发现性别差异，但年龄别BMI的性别差异明显，男孩的年龄别BMI低于女孩。母亲赋权指标与性别的交互作用表明，母亲受教育程度较高的青少年在年龄别BMI方面的性别差距较小。然而，对食物消费模式的进一步分析表明，母亲受教育程度较高的男孩比女孩消费更多的快餐且方便面消费量更高，从而揭示了新形式的性别偏见。
