Progress in ankle arthroscopy.

Ankle arthroscopy is rapidly gaining in popularity as an important diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. Indications for this technique include pain, swelling, stiffness, instability, hemarthrosis, and locking of the ankle. The anteromedial, anterolateral, and posterolateral portals are most commonly used. The use of a short, 30 degrees oblique arthroscope, with an ankle holder and distractor, permits visualization of the entire joint. Operative treatment is facilitated by small joint shavers, burrs, knives, and baskets. Intraarticular problems such as chondromalacia, osteophytes, loose bodies, synovitis, osteoarthritis, fracture, and instability all can be addressed arthroscopically. Prior to this technique, the cause of chronic ankle pain was poorly understood. Now, lateral ankle impingement is a well-recognized entity that responds well to arthroscopic treatment. Ankle arthroscopy provides a safe, effective method of diagnosis and treatment with few complications. Further advances in equipment and technique should expand indications for this procedure.