Lehner Rea, Balsters Joshua H, Bürgler Alexandra, Hare Todd A, Wenderoth Nicole
Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Zurich, University and Balgrist Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Front Psychiatry. 2017 Nov 13;8:230. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00230. eCollection 2017.
Obese individuals have been shown to exhibit abnormal sensitivity to rewards and reward-predicting cues as for example food-associated cues frequently used in advertisements. It has also been shown that food-associated cues can increase goal-directed behavior but it is currently unknown, whether this effect differs between normal-weight, overweight, and obese individuals. Here, we investigate this question by using a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) task in normal-weight ( = 20), overweight ( = 17), and obese ( = 17) individuals. Furthermore, we applied eye tracking during Pavlovian conditioning to measure the participants' conditioned response as a proxy of the incentive salience of the predicted reward. Our results show that the goal-directed behavior of overweight individuals was more strongly influenced by food-predicting cues (i.e., stronger PIT effect) than that of normal-weight and obese individuals ( < 0.001). The weight groups were matched for age, gender, education, and parental education. Eye movements during Pavlovian conditioning also differed between weight categories ( < 0.05) and were used to categorize individuals based on their fixation style into "high eye index" versus "low eye index" as well. Our main finding was that the fixation style exhibited a complex interaction with the weight category. Furthermore, we found that normal-weight individuals of the group "high eye index" had higher body mass index within the healthy range than individuals of the group "low eye index" ( < 0.001), but this relationship was not found within in the overweight or obese groups ( > 0.646). Our findings are largely consistent with the incentive sensitization theory predicting that overweight individuals are more susceptible to food-related cues than normal-weight controls. However, this hypersensitivity might be reduced in obese individuals, possibly due to habitual/compulsive overeating or differences in reward valuation.
肥胖个体已被证明对奖励和奖励预测线索表现出异常的敏感性，例如广告中经常使用的与食物相关的线索。研究还表明，与食物相关的线索可以增加目标导向行为，但目前尚不清楚这种效应在正常体重、超重和肥胖个体之间是否存在差异。在这里，我们通过在正常体重（n = 20）、超重（n = 17）和肥胖（n = 17）个体中使用巴甫洛夫到工具性转移（PIT）任务来研究这个问题。此外，我们在巴甫洛夫条件反射过程中应用眼动追踪来测量参与者的条件反应，作为预测奖励的激励显著性的代理指标。我们的结果表明，超重个体的目标导向行为比正常体重和肥胖个体更容易受到食物预测线索的影响（即更强的PIT效应）（p < 0.001）。体重组在年龄、性别、教育程度和父母教育程度方面进行了匹配。巴甫洛夫条件反射过程中的眼动在不同体重类别之间也存在差异（p < 0.05），并且还用于根据个体的注视方式将其分为“高眼指数”和“低眼指数”。我们的主要发现是，注视方式与体重类别之间存在复杂的相互作用。此外，我们发现“高眼指数”组的正常体重个体在健康范围内的体重指数高于“低眼指数”组的个体（p < 0.001），但在超重或肥胖组中未发现这种关系（p > 0.646）。我们的研究结果在很大程度上与激励敏感化理论一致，该理论预测超重个体比正常体重对照组更容易受到与食物相关线索的影响。然而，肥胖个体的这种超敏反应可能会降低，这可能是由于习惯性/强迫性暴饮暴食或奖励评估的差异。
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