Wang Huan, Wu Xia, Lezmi Stephane, Li Qian, Helferich William G, Xu Yueqing, Chen Hong
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
Current address: Huan Wang, Postdoctoral Scholar, Department of Human Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, California, USA.
BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017 Dec 2;17(1):516. doi: 10.1186/s12906-017-2014-7.
Metastasis refers to the spread of a primary tumor cell from the primary site to other locations in the body and it is generally associated with the severity of a tumor. Extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) contains various bioactive compounds and it exerts beneficial effects including improvements in brain function and reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, increased risk of thyroid and liver cancers by EGb have been reported in animals.
A colon cancer metastasis model was established using intrasplenic injection of a human colon cancer cell line, SW620-luc in athymic mice to investigate the potential impact of EGb on colon cancer progression. After tumor establishment, EGb was intraperitonically injected daily for 5 wks.
EGb significantly increased the rate of metastasis in mouse liver and decreased the number of necrotic and apoptotic cells in the metastatic liver when compared to the control. Meanwhile, EGb significantly induced proliferation of tumor cells in the metastatic liver, indicated by increased staining of Ki67 and H3S10p. mRNA expression of genes involved in cell cycle, metastasis, apoptosis, and oxidative stress were altered by EGb treatment in livers with tumors. Moreover, EGb activated the stress-responsive MAPK pathways in the liver with metastatic tumors.
EGb exacerbated liver metastasis in a mouse colon cancer metastasis model. This is potentially due to the increased tumor cell proliferation involving stimulated MAPK pathways.
转移是指原发性肿瘤细胞从原发部位扩散至身体其他部位，通常与肿瘤的严重程度相关。银杏叶提取物（EGb）含有多种生物活性化合物，具有有益作用，包括改善脑功能和降低心血管疾病风险。另一方面，动物实验报道了EGb会增加甲状腺癌和肝癌的风险。
通过将人结肠癌细胞系SW620-luc脾内注射到裸鼠体内建立结肠癌转移模型，以研究EGb对结肠癌进展的潜在影响。肿瘤形成后，每天腹腔注射EGb，持续5周。
与对照组相比，EGb显著提高了小鼠肝脏的转移率，并减少了转移性肝脏中坏死和凋亡细胞的数量。同时，EGb显著诱导了转移性肝脏中肿瘤细胞的增殖，表现为Ki67和H3S10p染色增加。EGb处理使有肿瘤的肝脏中参与细胞周期、转移、凋亡和氧化应激的基因的mRNA表达发生改变。此外，EGb激活了有转移性肿瘤的肝脏中的应激反应性丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）通路。
在小鼠结肠癌转移模型中，EGb加剧了肝转移。这可能是由于涉及刺激的MAPK通路导致肿瘤细胞增殖增加。
