Johansson Ole J, Fyhri Aslak
Institute of Transport Economics, Oslo, Norway.
Front Psychol. 2017 Nov 17;8:1957. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01957. eCollection 2017.
Many people use cars all over the world. This is, however, not done without risk, as traffic accidents are one of the most common causes of death for adolescents worldwide. The number of deaths has steadily decreased, both worldwide and in Norway. Many of these accidents involve passenger cars and distracted driving. While there are many campaigns to improve safety in traffic, little research has looked at distractions. A recent report has investigated the occurrence of and damage caused by distraction, and one article has looked at what predicts baseline differences in levels of distracted driving. However, no one has tested an intervention to decrease distracted behavior in traffic. Motivational variables suggested by the Theory of Planned Behavior, personality traits, and demographic variables show utility in similar contexts and are all tested in this project. Data from two samples were collected to investigate the nature of distractions in traffic, what factors predict baseline levels of distractions, and to test an intervention to reduce distractions. Both samples feature randomly assigned intervention and control groups. The first sample ( = 1100 total; = 208 was licensed to drive) consisted of high school students from all over Norway as a part of a larger attitudinal campaign, while the second sample ( = 414) was more general. The second tested a digital version of implementation intentions designed as volitional help sheets. The results from both samples suggest that there are some robust differences between people in how much they are distracted in everyday life, while some variables need further research. The second study failed to uncover any effects of the intervention. Reasons for this are discussed, along with points on the efficacy of digital interventions, the design of the volitional help sheets, and the design of the study in general. Notwithstanding the ineffectual interventions, this study contains novel information about baseline differences in distractive behavior that may further impact future behavior change interventions and guide future research.
世界各地很多人都使用汽车。然而，这样做并非没有风险，因为交通事故是全球青少年最常见的死因之一。全球和挪威的死亡人数都在稳步下降。这些事故中有许多涉及乘用车和分心驾驶。虽然有许多提高交通安全的活动，但很少有研究关注分心驾驶问题。最近的一份报告调查了分心驾驶的发生情况及其造成的损害，还有一篇文章研究了哪些因素可以预测分心驾驶水平的基线差异。然而，没有人测试过减少交通中分心行为的干预措施。计划行为理论提出的动机变量、人格特质和人口统计学变量在类似情境中显示出效用，本项目均对其进行了测试。收集了两个样本的数据，以调查交通中分心驾驶的本质、哪些因素可以预测分心驾驶的基线水平，并测试一种减少分心驾驶的干预措施。两个样本都设有随机分配的干预组和对照组。第一个样本（共1100人；208人持有驾驶执照）由来自挪威各地的高中生组成，是一项更大规模态度调查活动的一部分，而第二个样本（414人）则更具普遍性。第二个样本测试了一种设计为意志帮助表的实施意图数字版本。两个样本的结果都表明，人们在日常生活中的分心程度存在一些显著差异，而一些变量还需要进一步研究。第二项研究未能发现干预措施有任何效果。文中讨论了出现这种情况的原因，以及关于数字干预措施的有效性、意志帮助表的设计和整个研究设计的要点。尽管干预措施无效，但这项研究包含了关于分心行为基线差异的新信息，这可能会进一步影响未来的行为改变干预措施，并为未来的研究提供指导。
