Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase reactivity in the central nervous system of the common toad (Bufo bufo).

We examined the distribution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d)-reactive elements in the central nervous system (CNS) of the common toad, Bufo bufo. The investigation involved adult male and female toads collected during the breeding season. Labeled neurons of different morphological appearances (weakly or darkly stained, unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar) and fibers were observed across all subdivisions of the amphibian brain. Overall, a similar distribution of NADPH-d-labeled neurons was observed in the brain of male and female toads. In the secondary prosencephalon NADPH-d-labeled neurons were observed in the olfactory bulbs, pallial regions, nucleus accumbens, diagonal band of Broca, septum, striatum, amygdala, suprachiasmatic and magnocellular preoptic nuclei, dorsal and ventral hypothalamus. In the diencephalon, NADPH-d-positive neurons were seen in the anterior thalamic nuclei, ventromedial and ventrolateral nuclei, central and lateral thalamic nuclei, posterior tubercle, posterodorsal division of the lateral thalamic nucleus, and in the pretectal and pretoral gray. In the mesencephalon, heavily stained neurons were present in the anterodorsal and anteroventral tegmental nuclei, magnocellular, principal and laminar nuclei of the torus semicircularis, and nucleus profundus mesencephali. In the isthmus, stained cells were observed medially and ventrally in the posterodorsal and posteroventral tegmental nuclei. In the rhombencephalon, numerous NADPH-d-stained neurons were distributed in the cerebellar nucleus, sensory and descending trigeminal nuclei, motor nuclei of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves, the nucleus of the solitary tract, nuclei of the hypoglossal and octaval nerves, dorsal column nucleus, central gray region, and in reticular formation. However, the complete absence of NADPH-d-stained neurons in the cerebellar cortex was an unusual feature observed in this study. The widespread distribution of NADPH-d staining in diverse cell types, belonging to a variety of neuronal systems suggests a widespread role for NADPH-d in modulating diverse functions, including sensory coding in the amphibian nervous system.