Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, Roxby Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZQ, United Kingdom.
Environmental and Conservation Sciences, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
J Environ Manage. 2018 Feb 15;208:36-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.013. Epub 2017 Dec 13.
Meeting conservation objectives in an era of global environmental change has precipitated debate about where and how to intervene. Ecological and social values of novel ecosystems are particularly contested. Governance has a role to play, but this role is underexplored. Here, we critically review the novel ecosystems literature to identify challenges that fall within the realm of governance. Using a conceptual framework for analysing adaptive governance, we consider how governance could help address five challenges. Specifically, we argue that reforming governance can support the re-framing of policy objectives for ecosystems where transformation is likely, and in doing so, it could highlight the tensions between the emergence of novel ecosystems on the one hand and cultural expectations about how ecosystems should look on the other. We discuss the influence of power, authority and administrative competence on conservation efforts in times of environmental change. We consider how buffering can address translational mismatch between conventional conservation policy and modern ecological reality. This review provides insights into how governance reform could enable more adaptive responses to transformative changes, such as novel ecosystems, while remaining committed to achieving conservation outcomes. Indeed, at their best, adaptive responses would encompass the reality of ecological transformation while being sympathetic to concerns about undesirable outcomes. Connections between researchers in the fields of governance, ecology and conservation could help to achieve these twin aims. We provide examples of governance and policy-making techniques that can support context-specific governance reform that supports more effective conservation in the Anthropocene.
在全球环境变化的时代，要实现保护目标，这引发了关于在何处以及如何进行干预的争论。新型生态系统的生态和社会价值尤其存在争议。治理可以发挥作用，但这一作用仍未得到充分探索。在这里，我们批判性地回顾了新型生态系统的文献，以确定属于治理范畴的挑战。我们使用一个分析适应性治理的概念框架，考虑治理如何有助于应对五个挑战。具体来说，我们认为改革治理可以支持在可能发生转型的生态系统中重新调整政策目标，这样做可以突出新型生态系统的出现与人们对生态系统应该呈现的样子的文化期望之间的紧张关系。我们讨论了权力、权威和行政能力对环境变化时期保护工作的影响。我们考虑了缓冲如何解决传统保护政策与现代生态现实之间的转化不匹配问题。本综述深入探讨了治理改革如何能够使应对变革性变化（如新型生态系统）的反应更加适应，同时仍然致力于实现保护成果。事实上，在最佳情况下，适应性反应将包含生态转型的现实，同时对不良结果的担忧表示同情。治理、生态学和保护领域的研究人员之间的联系可以帮助实现这两个目标。我们提供了一些治理和政策制定技术的例子，这些技术可以支持特定于上下文的治理改革，从而在人类世中更有效地进行保护。
